Population size and trend5 Sample Clauses

Population size and trend5. The nature of Long-tailed Ducks, breeding in remote Arctic regions and wintering at sea, means counts of this species have always been difficult and there are consequently uncertainties surrounding total population size and historical population trend. In fact, Xxxx et al. (1995) stated that it had, until their survey of the Baltic Sea, been impossible to monitor. Nevertheless, there are indications that a severe crash in population size within the Baltic Sea took place in the 1940s and 1950s, possibly by as much as 90% (Xxxxxxx 1961), based on counts of spring migrating birds in Finland. It is likely this was due to the severe level of oil discharges taking place over the entire Baltic Sea during that period in combination with very severe xxxxxxx when the birds were aggregated into small areas (X. Xxxxx pers. comm., X. Xxxxxxxxxx pers. comm.). Following international agreements in the 1950s / 1960s6, and the 1970s7, the dumping of waste oil at sea was made illegal in most countries in the Baltic (though it continued illegally to a large extent) and the number of Long-tailed Ducks apparently recovered and probably peaked in the early to mid-1990s, when the first comprehensive and coordinated survey took place in the Baltic Sea during 1993-1995. This produced an estimated population size of 4,272,000 birds (Xxxx et al. 1995), leading to an overall estimate for the West Siberia/North Europe population of 4,600,000 birds (Rose & Xxxxx 1994). The 5 For the latest estimates of national population size and trend see BirdLife International (2015). 6 OILPOL 1954 which entered into force on 26 July 1958, and amendments from 1962, 1969 and 1971. 7 MARPOL 73/78 which entered into force on 2 October 1983 (Xxxxxxx X and II). second and most recent coordinated survey in the Baltic Sea took place in 2007-2009 and the results suggested that the population had declined to 1,482,000 birds, a 65.3% decline since 1993-95 (Xxxx et al. 2011), giving a total estimate for the West Siberia/North Europe population of 1,600,000 birds.
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