Predisposing factors Sample Clauses

Predisposing factors. Several predisposing factors are suspected to predict nocebo reactivity. These include demographic characteristics such as being female (Liccardi et al., 2004) and personality characteristics such as pessimism (Xxxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 2005), neuroticism (Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 1995), anxiety (Xxxxxx et al., 2004) and Type A personality (Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 1995). In addition, a tendency to amplify the symptoms experienced and have a heightened awareness of bodily sensations has also been associated with non-specific side effects (Xxxxxx et al., 1999), along with a perceived sensitivity to medicines (Xxxxxx et al., 2004) and modern health worries (Xxxxxxx et al., 2005; Xxxxxx et al., 2005; Xxxxxx et al., 2001; Xxxx et al., 2012). More recently patients with negative medication beliefs have been shown to be more likely to misattribute symptoms to medications and subsequently to intend to stop medication (Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxx, 2015). Apart from being female, many if not all of these factors may work by increasing negative expectations related to specific exposures. Demographic factors may influence nocebo responding by affecting the strength of the relationship between the different factors identified and their corresponding mechanism. See Figure 1-1 for a model overview of the factors discussed and how they can trigger nocebo effects. Figure 1-1 Factors that trigger nocebo effects to a sham exposure.