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Pyrolysis Sample Clauses

Pyrolysis. A study by Xxxxxxx et al. [67] addressed the pyrolysis of PUF foam from automobile seats. (The authors considered combustion as well – see section 3.5). First, thermogravimetric, calorimetric (TGA/DTA + DSC) tests were made under an air flow. Mass loss starts at ~250°C and levels off at a mass loss of ~80 % at 300°C, while the remaining 20 % is decomposed until temperature reaches 500°C. The DSC shows several exothermic peaks, the most important being at 250-300°C and others at the start (340°C) and end (490°C) of the second decomposition stage. An additional test in a small furnace also showed two-stage decomposition, with the production of yellow smoke and viscous liquid during the first stage, followed by slow decomposition of the liquid into gaseous products. The second set of tests involved experimenting in a cylindrical quartz tube reactor inside a tubular furnace. Samples (50 mg) were heated at 300 K/s under a flow of nitrogen or air, and product gases were analysed for CO, CO2, CH4, NO, N2O, NO2, HCN and NH3. Maximum temperatures were 850°C or 1000°C, holding times were 0.5 – 2 seconds. The results (roughly the same for all residence times) showed the release of significant amounts of CO, CH4, HCN, NH3 and NO, plus probably some small amounts of C2H4 and C2H2. The measured amounts as fraction of PU foam carbon (for the CO and CH4) and nitrogen (for HCN, NH3, NO) were 26 %, 18%, 34 %, 8 %, 21 % at 850°C and 24 %, 17 %, 64 %,14 %, 9 % at 1000°C. The formation of CO and NO was explained through intermediates such as HNCOO. It is argued that first some PU Figure 3.10 Thermochemical recycling options for PU waste [10] nitrogen is released directly as NO, followed by a large release of HCN, which may be oxidised in the gas phase to NO as well. Pyrolysis of a PU adhesive as widely used in the furniture industry (for example in Spain) was analysed using TGA up to 450°C (in nitrogen, 5-20 K/min heat-up) and a “pyroprobe” pyrolysis reactor composed of a platinum coil around a 2 mm quartz tube at 500 - 800°C (in nitrogen, heat-up ~300K/s) plus a secondary reactor [21]. The results from the TGA tests allowed for determining chemical rate parameters: for the two-parallel-reactions model used activation energies 134 kJ/mol and 190 kJ/mol were found (see also section 1.5 of this report for similar values reported by other researchers). Decomposition of the PU to a mass loss of ~95% occurred between 230 and 380°C. The tests in the “pyroprobe” set-up yielded gas mi...
Pyrolysis. Fractionation, hydrolysis, fermentation 8. Oil seed crushing, separation, transesterfication 9. Digestion, anaerobic

Related to Pyrolysis

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  • Fabrication Making up data or results and recording or reporting them.