Turbulent flow Sample Clauses

Turbulent flow. Let us now consider the case that the fluid is moving much faster, such that downstream of an obstruction in the flow turbulence arises in the matter current. In Figure 3.3 we have indicated a typical stream line showing that the flow is now characterized by a finite vorticity in the re- gion behind the obstruction. Let us now repeat the exercise, assuming that fluid elements arrive at the obstruction with aligned magnetization vectors. Following a fluid element when it traverses the region with finite circulation it is immediately obvious that even for a fixed precession rate the non-Abelian charge/magnetization becomes multivalued when it has travelled around the vortex! Henceforth, at long times the magnetization will average away and the spin current actually disappears at the ’sink’ associated with the rotational Abelian flow. This elementary example highlights the essence of the problem dealing with non-Abelian ’hydro- dynamics’: the covariant conservation principle underlying everything is good enough to ensure a local conservation of non-Abelian charge so that one can reliably predict how the spin current evolves over infinitesimal times and distances. However, it fails to impose a global conservation. This is neatly illustrated in this simple hydrodynamical example: at the moment the mass flow becomes topologically non-trivial it is no longer possible to construct globally consistent non-Abelian flow patterns with the consequence that the spin currents just disappear. Although obscured by irrelevant details, the above motive has been recognized in the literature on spin flow in semiconductors where it is known as D’yakonov-Perel spin relaxation. We hope that the analogy with spin-transport in solids is helpful for the community that is trying to find out what is actually going on in the quark-gluon fireballs. Because one has to deal eventually with the absence of hydrodynamics we are pessimistic with regard to the possibility that an elegant description will be found, in a way mirroring the state of spintronics. We will instead continue now with our exposition of the remarkable fact that the rigidity associated with order parameters is not only simplifying the hydrodynamics (as in the Abelian case) but even making it possible for hydrodynamics to exist! Fluid element Non−Abelian charge Direction of laminar flow Electric field 3.1: Laminar flow of a classical spin fluid in an electric field. The fluid elements (blue) carry non-Abelian charge, the r...
Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3
Turbulent flow the Gaussian Puff Model In practice the contaminant will not be immediately well mixed in the air and there will be some transient period of flow dispersion and mixing potentially on a scale similar to the dwelling time of individuals in the area. When bacteria are aerosolised they become subject to local turbulent forces (causing random movement of the air packet within which the aerosol is contained) as well as longer range advective processes (transport of the packet by the dominant airflow). There are a number of models for the atmospheric dispersion of aerosol material. It is not within the scope of PANDHUB to perform a systematic review of such techniques because we are interested in a hub setting specifically. Stockie provides a helpful review of the assumptions made and the derivation of the classical Gaussian plume model and the reader is referred to this article and references therein for detail (Stockie 2011). The aim is to solve the three-dimensional advection-diffusion equation &C + ∇. (uC) = ∇. (K ∇C) + S − yC &t where C(t, x) is the concentration of the infectious agent in time and space. For illustration at this stage we make the further assumptions to I above:
Sample 1

Related to Turbulent flow

  • Safety Glasses Section 1. The City shall supply prescription safety glasses with plastic lenses to employees who are required to wear safety glasses and who are members of the classifications contained in Appendix C to this contract. Safety glasses which are authorized must be industrial grade safety glasses which meet or exceed the requirements of ANSI Specification Z87. 1. All employees who are required to wear safety glasses shall also be required to wear side xxxxxxx, either permanent or snap-on, whenever an eye hazard exists. Solid tinted glasses will not be approved unless required by prescription. Photogray, progressive, scratch coating and/or anti-glare lenses may be considered for those employees who primarily work outdoors or as prescribed. In the event that additional classes are identified as needing either prescription safety glasses or protective eyewear, such classes may be added to the classification list in Appendix C upon approval of PAGE and the City. Section 2. The City agrees to pay the full cost of required prescription safety glasses, with frames not to exceed $75.00. This excludes the cost of the eye examination which will be the responsibility of the employee. The effected employees will be allowed one (1) replacement of safety glasses every two (2) years. In the event the safety glasses become lost, unserviceable, or broken on the job, the employee must present a written request for replacement to the Department Head and Human Resources Director. If the employee breaks his safety glasses while on the job, the Department shall replace the glasses at no cost to the employee. The replacement of lost glasses or glasses that are broken off the job will be at the discretion of the Department Head and Human Resources Director. If an employee has been provided safety glasses by the City, the employee shall be permitted to retain possession of the glasses after separation from the City without reimbursing the City for any costs associated with the glasses. Section 3. An employee who is required to wear prescription safety glasses must present a written request to his department head or designated representative. Section 4. The employee must obtain a current prescription and the employee is authorized the use of sick leave not to exceed two (2) hours to accomplish this examination. The employee will obtain a purchase order from the Department Head prior to ordering the safety glasses. The employee will present the purchase order to the appropriate vendor when ordering. The vendor will contact the appropriate Department Head when the glasses are ready for delivery. The Department Head will then notify the employee who will present himself at the vendor for fitting and pickup. Section 5. In the event a probationary employee has been issued safety glasses and terminates his employment with the City for any reason during the probationary period, he shall be required to reimburse the City for any expenses incurred in the purchase of safety glasses.

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  • Industrial Accident and Illness Leave For accidents or illnesses that are job- incurred, unit members shall be provided leave benefits under the following provisions: 12.6.1 Allowable leave shall be sixty (60) days during which the colleges of the District are required to be in session or when the unit member would otherwise have been performing work for the District in any one fiscal year for the same accident. 12.6.2 Allowable leave shall not be accumulated from year to year. 12.6.3 Industrial accident or illness leave shall commence on the first (1st) day of absence. 12.6.4 When a faculty member is absent from his/her duties on account of an industrial accident or illness, he/she shall be paid such portion of the salary due him/her for any month in which the absence occurs as, when added to his/her temporary disability indemnity under Division 4 or Division 4.5 (commencing with Section 6100) of the Labor Code, will result in a payment to him/her of not more than his/her full salary. The phrase, "full salary," as utilized in this section, shall be computed so that it shall not be less than the unit member's "average weekly earnings" as that phrase is utilized in Section 4453 of the Labor Code. For purposes of this section, however, the maximum and minimum average weekly earnings set forth in Section 4453 of the Labor Code shall otherwise not be deemed applicable. 12.6.5 Industrial accident or illness leave shall be reduced by one (1) day for each day of authorized absence regardless of a temporary disability indemnity award. 12.6.6 When an industrial accident or illness leave overlaps into the next fiscal year, the unit member shall be entitled to only the amount of unused industrial accident or illness leave due him/her for the same illness or injury. 12.6.7 Upon termination of the industrial accident or illness leave, the unit member shall be entitled to the benefits provided in Education Code Sections 87780, 87781 and 87786, and for the purposes of each of these sections his/her absence shall be deemed to have commenced on the date of termination for the industrial accident or illness leave, provided that if the unit member continues to receive temporary dis- ability indemnity, he/she may elect to take as much of his/her accumulated sick leave which, when added to his/her temporary disability indemnity, will result in a payment to him/her of not more than his/her full salary. 12.6.8 During any paid leave of absence, the unit member may endorse to the District the temporary disability indemnity checks received on account of his/her industrial accident or illness. The District, in turn, shall issue the unit member appropriate salary warrants for payment of the unit member's salary, and shall deduct normal retirement, other authorized contributions, and the temporary disability indemnity, if any, actually paid to, and retained by, the employee for periods covered by such salary warrants. 12.6.9 Any unit member receiving benefits as a result of this section shall, during periods of injury or illness, remain within the State of California, unless the Governing Board authorizes travel outside the state. 12.6.10 When all available leaves of absence have been exhausted and the unit member is not medically able to return to all the duties of his/her prior assignment, the District shall provide first (1st) priority in assigning such a person into classes where his/her disability, in the discretion of the District, does not hinder the performance of the duties required of him/her if he/she is otherwise qualified. With mutual agreement with the unit member, the District may also assign an employee into a position that can reasonably accommodate his/her performance of duties required by the position, despite his/her disability, prior to the exhaustion of leave of absence.

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  • OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY 34.01 The parties recognize the need for a safe and healthy workplace. The Employer shall be responsible for providing safe and healthy working conditions. The Employer and Employees will take all reasonable steps to eliminate, reduce or minimize all workplace safety hazards. Occupational health and safety education, training and instruction provided by the Employer, shall be paid at the Basic Rate of Pay, to fulfill the requirements for training, instruction or education set out in the Occupational Health and Safety Act, Regulation or Code. (a) There shall be an Occupational Health and Safety Committee (Committee), which shall be composed of representatives of the Employer and representatives of the Local and may include others representing recognized functional bargaining units. This Committee shall meet once a month, and in addition shall meet within 10 days of receiving a written complaint regarding occupational health or safety. An Employee shall be paid the Employee’s Basic Rate of Pay for attendance at Committee meetings. A request to establish separate committees for each site or grouping of sites shall not be unreasonably denied. The Employer shall provide training at no cost to all Employees on the Committee to assist them in performing their duties on the Committee. Training shall be paid at the Employee’s Basic Rate of Pay. (b) Minutes of each meeting shall be taken and shall be approved by the Employer, the Local, and other bargaining groups, referred to in (a), prior to circulation. (c) The purpose of the Committee is to consider such matters as occupational health and safety and the Local may make recommendations to the Employer in that regard. (d) If an issue arises regarding occupational health or safety, the Employee or the Local shall first seek to resolve the issue through discussion with the applicable immediate supervisor in an excluded management position. If the issue is not resolved satisfactorily, it may then be forwarded in writing to the Committee. (e) The Committee shall also consider measures necessary to ensure the security of each Employee on the Employer’s premises and the Local may make recommendations to the Employer in that regard. (f) (i) Should an issue not be resolved by the Committee, the issue shall be referred to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). A resolution meeting between the Local and the CEO, or designate(s), shall take place within 21 calendar days of the issue being referred to the CEO. The CEO or designate(s) shall reply in writing to the Local within seven (7) calendar days of the resolution meeting.