Types and contents of peace agreements Sample Clauses

Types and contents of peace agreements. Besides the distinctive inter-state and intra-state typologies, peace agreements can be categorised into three types: pre-negotiation agreement, framework or substantive agreement, and implementation agreement. Pre- negotiation agreement generates a process of negotiation between conflicting parties on a ‘trial and error’ basis. Many procedural issues, such as mutually agreeable agenda, participants and location of talks, are normally discussed in it (Bell, 2006). When pre-negotiation stage prospers that leads to ceasefire agreement and formal talks to address main issues of a conflict (ibid). Ceasefire is often perceived as a separate type of early stage agreement that aims to terminate military hostility, at least while negotiation proceed (Xxxxxx, 2010). A ceasefire agreement prepares conditions, and promotes alternatives, based on which negotiation process could facilitate a full-pledged agreement (Xxxxx, 2008). However, the main difference between a ceasefire and a comprehensive agreement is that the former deals with only temporary cessation of violence, whereas the latter provides a framework for political settlement, and thus attempts to address key causes of drivers of violent conflict. A study of inter-state ceasefire agreements argued that “strong agreements” have inbuilt measures like withdrawal of forces, establishing demilitarized zones, formal ceasefire agreements, presence of peacekeepers, third-party guarantees, dispute resolution mechanisms etc. (Fortna, 2003:337-339). In Xxxxxx’x study, there was no indication what could constitute a robust agreement in internal conflict. A recent study of intra-state agreements, signed between 1946 and 2010, indicated that the quality of peace agreements has more pacifying effects, which are connected to “mechanisms” that the agreement contains in its design (Xxxxxx, 2014:196). Xxxxxx (2014) did not consider many other issues that play roles both in sustaining negative peace and in bridging gaps between parties, and communities, in order to transform their relations. In a framework or comprehensive peace agreement, conflicting parties aim to halt violence permanently, and to find inclusively a common ground between their interests and needs for addressing their concerns. Parties thus start a new journey that signifies a ‘historical compromise’ for people and peace (Bell, 2006a:376). Besides involving all parties and discussing substantive issues, a comprehensive agreement pays attention to complex inter...
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