A Brief Introduction to MRI Sample Clauses

A Brief Introduction to MRI. ‌ The rapid growth of neuroimaging is supported by various imaging techniques, such as MRI, positron emission tomography (PET), electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), for the purpose of visualizing the brain structures and functions. Compared with EEG and MEG, which provide brain images with high temporal resolution but relatively poor spatial localization, MRI has excellent spatial resolution to allow better visualization and reliable localization of the brain regions; in particular, it offers a means to capture both brain structure as well as function. While PET involves the injection of radioactive tracers, MRI is completely non-invasive and involves no ionizing radiation. MRI is utilized for the studies of human brain structure in vivo and has become clinically prevalent. With the use of the principles of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), MRI can produce high-quality cross sectional images. The NMR phenomenon is based on the quantum-mechanical properties of nuclear spin in an external magnetic field, which underlies the MRI technology. In 1946, Xxxxx and Xxxxxxx discovered the phenomenon of NMR and introduced this technique independently. In 1952, Xxxxxxxxx proposed the method to investigate NMR under a gradient, or spatially-varying, magnetic field for spatial discrimina- tion of the NMR phenomenon. In 1971, Xxxxxxxx’s studies of rats showed that the NMR relaxation time in healthy and tumor tissues differed, providing the basis for tissue discrimination in the analysis of medical images and disease identification. Nowadays, the MRI technique has been developed and widely used as a common analytical imaging tool for chemical and physical molecular analysis. According to the principles of quantum mechanics, if there is an odd number of protons or neutrons in the nucleus of a specified atom, this atomic nucleus has a magnetic moment and is NMR-active. A hydrogen nucleus has a single proton and zero neutrons, and therefore is NMR active. Since the hydrogen nuclei are the most abundant in the human body, making up about 60% of the human body (e.g., each water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one atom of oxygen), conven- tional MRI obtains the magnetic signal from hydrogen nuclei (protons). Each hydrogen proton has the magnetic characteristic of nuclear spin, and usually the axes of these spins are randomly oriented. In the presence of an external, strong and static main magnetic field (with the strength of B0) for the hyd...
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