Abnormal cells Sample Clauses

Abnormal cells. Even cells that under normal circumstances are mononucleated can become multinucleated under sufficient stress. For example, prolonged hypertension or repeated insult induces multinucleation in vascular smooth muscle cells (Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx-Xxx et al. 2000). Multiple cell types in an undescended testis are multinucleated (Bianchi, Boekelheide et al. 2017). Epithelial cells are multinucleated in several types of dermatosis and herpes infection (Xxxxx, Paravar et al. 2014). A hallmark of cancer cells is abnormal morphology. Fusion (Xxxxxxxxx, Couchy et al. 2017) and mitosis without cytokinesis (Ariizumi, Ogose et al. 2009) can both give rise to multinucleated cancer cells, both in disease progression and as a side effect of treatment. Various types of cancer exhibit abnormal multinucleated cells: hepatic (Xxxxxxxxx, Couchy et al. 2017), bone (Divisato, di Carlo et al. 2017), bladder (Nawar, Xxxxx et al. 2016), breast (Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx et al. 2014, Trichia, Ignatova et al. 2016), and colon (Xx, Xx et al. 2013). Treatment of cancer cells with ionizing radiation induces formation of multinucleated cancer cells from a small percentage of the population (Puck and Marcus 1955, Puck and Marcus 1956). Multinucleated cancer cells can give rise to mononucleated daughter cells contributing to cancer relapse (Xxxxxx, Senovilla et al. 2010, Erenpreisa, Salmina et al. 2011, Weihua, Lin et al. 2011, Xxxx, Xxxxxxxx et al. 2015). Although many cell types can become multinucleated in response to extreme stress or infection, these states likely represent a pathological response indicative of failure of normal cellular processes rather than a physiological response to productively respond to the environmental insult.
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