Aetiology of Aggression Sample Clauses

Aetiology of Aggression. The pathways from schizophrenia-spectrum conditions to aggression may also arise due to factors other than substance abuse, such as positive symptoms. In a longitudinal cohort study of individuals living in the community following release from prison, Xxxxx et al. (2014) reported that persecutory delusions were associated with a three-fold increase in the risk of aggression, though this relationship was only observed among individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum conditions who were not receiving treatment. Similarly, Xxxxxxx et al. (2006) reported that persecutory delusions were significantly associated with both minor and serious aggression in the community. Compliance with command hallucinations has also been significantly associated with aggression in community and inpatient services (Shawyer et al., 2008), with this relationship predicted by the presence of congruent delusions. Cognitive difficulties have also been implicated in the link between schizophrenia-spectrum conditions and aggression, though research findings are mixed (Xxxxx, 2012). For example, in one study poor performance in measures of executive function significantly predicted aggression over a 12-week period among inpatients (Krakowski & Czobor, 2012). O’Reilly et al. (2015) reported that deficits in social cognition were significantly associated with aggression, independent of symptom severity. Xxxxx and Xxxxxx (2020) also reported that social cognition training was associated with significant reductions in aggressive ideation and behaviour. However, a systematic review and meta-regression by Xxxx et al. (2013) failed to find any significant associations between cognition and aggression. Reasons for aggression among individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum conditions are likely to differ. Xxxxxxx and Citrome (2008) suggest three key drivers for aggression: i) positive symptoms, ii) impulsivity and iii) comorbid personality disorder and particularly psychopathy (see section on personality disorder below). Similarly Bo et al. (2011) propose two distinct trajectories towards aggression in schizophrenia-spectrum conditions driven by positive symptoms or comorbid personality disorder and psychopathic traits. Alternative frameworks to account for the heterogeneity in how aggression manifests among individuals have proposed subtypes based on the age of onset of the individuals’ aggressive behaviour (Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxx et al., 2013). For example, Xxxxxxx (2008) suggest a subtype of ‘early start’...
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