Cancer immunoediting Sample Clauses

Cancer immunoediting. To understand the mechanisms behind cancer immune evasion and to design effective immunotherapies, it is crucial to understand how cancer interacts with the immune system. Cancer immunoediting describes the dual role by which the immune system can suppress and/or promote cancer growth. Research has shown that immune and inflammatory processes can induce cellular transformation, influence the immunogenicity of tumours and control tumour growth. The interplay between these roles is determined by their temporal manifestation, the different arms of the immune system involved, the transformational process of the tumour and the tumour-associated antigens that are expressed. The tumour immune-editing process consists of three phases; elimination, equilibrium and escape47,48. In the elimination phase, surveillance by cells from both the innate and adaptive immune system detect and eradicate malignant cells that have arisen because of failed tumour suppressor mechanisms. If all tumour cells have been eradicated, the elimination phase is complete. However, if partial elimination of tumour cells occurs then the surviving tumour cells and host immune system enter into dynamic equilibrium. Whilst in the equilibrium phase, tumour cells may remain dormant or continue to evolve, accumulating further mutations or modifying gene expression providing them with increased resistance to immune attack. As this period continues, the immune system exerts selective pressure by destroying susceptible malignant cells, thus controlling tumour progression. However, the sculpting forces of the immune system select tumour cell variants that are able to resist, avoid or suppress the anti-tumour response, leading to the escape phase. In the escape phase, tumour cell variants selected during equilibrium are able to grow by avoiding the immunosurveillance network. Mechanisms that tumour cells employ to “escape’ immune recognition include down-regulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigens, loss of death receptor ligands Fas and TRAIL, down-regulation of tumour antigens and lack of expression of costimulatory molecules49–51. Moreover, tumour cells can express molecules that increase their resistance to immune surveillance such as STAT3, Bcl-2 (enhanced resistance to apoptosis) and PD-L1 (immune checkpoint ligand). Moreover, the tumour microenvironment facilitates tumour growth through the expression of immunosuppressive cytokines (e.g. interleukin (IL)-10 and transforming growth...
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Related to Cancer immunoediting

  • Human Leukocyte Antigen Testing This plan covers human leukocyte antigen testing for A, B, and DR antigens once per member per lifetime to establish a member’s bone marrow transplantation donor suitability in accordance with R.I. General Law §27-20-36. The testing must be performed in a facility that is: • accredited by the American Association of Blood Banks or its successors; and • licensed under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act as it may be amended from time to time. At the time of testing, the person being tested must complete and sign an informed consent form that also authorizes the results of the test to be used for participation in the National Marrow Donor program.

  • Diagnostic procedures to aid the Provider in determining required dental treatment.

  • Treatment Program Testing The Employer may request or require an employee to undergo drug and alcohol testing if the employee has been referred by the employer for chemical dependency treatment or evaluation or is participating in a chemical dependency treatment program under an employee benefit plan, in which case the employee may be requested or required to undergo drug or alcohol testing without prior notice during the evaluation or treatment period and for a period of up to two years following completion of any prescribed chemical dependency treatment program.

  • Biological Samples If so specified in the Protocol, Institution and Principal Investigator may collect and provide to Sponsor or its designee Biological Samples (“Biological Samples”). 12.2.

  • Clinical 2.1 Provides comprehensive evidence based nursing care to patients including assessment, intervention and evaluation.

  • Diagnosis For a condition to be considered a covered illness or disorder, copies of laboratory tests results, X-rays, or any other report or result of clinical examinations on which the diagnosis was based, are required as part of the positive diagnosis by a physician.

  • Hepatitis B Vaccine Where the Hospital identifies high risk areas where employees are exposed to Hepatitis B, the Hospital will provide, at no cost to the employees, a Hepatitis B vaccine.

  • Commercialization Intrexon shall have the right to develop and Commercialize the Reverted Products itself or with one or more Third Parties, and shall have the right, without obligation to Fibrocell, to take any such actions in connection with such activities as Intrexon (or its designee), at its discretion, deems appropriate.

  • Background Screening VENDOR shall comply with all requirements of Sections 1012.32 and 1012.465, Florida Statutes, and all of its personnel who (1) are to be permitted access to school grounds when students are present, (2) will have direct contact with students, or (3) have access or control of school funds, will successfully complete the background screening required by the referenced statutes and meet the standards established by the statutes. This background screening will be conducted by SBBC in advance of VENDOR or its personnel providing any services under the conditions described in the previous sentence. VENDOR shall bear the cost of acquiring the background screening required by Section 1012.32, Florida Statutes, and any fee imposed by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement to maintain the fingerprints provided with respect to VENDOR and its personnel. The parties agree that the failure of VENDOR to perform any of the duties described in this section shall constitute a material breach of this Agreement entitling SBBC to terminate immediately with no further responsibilities or duties to perform under this Agreement. VENDOR agrees to indemnify and hold harmless SBBC, its officers and employees from any liability in the form of physical or mental injury, death or property damage resulting from VENDOR’s failure to comply with the requirements of this section or with Sections 1012.32 and 1012.465, Florida Statutes.

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