Combining sticks and carrots Sample Clauses

Combining sticks and carrots. ‌ In all four types of case studied, measures that can be expected to encounter resistance were combined with other, more popular measures. This reflects the strategy of combining sticks and carrots, commonly referred to within transport policy research (Xxxxxxxxxxx et al, 2005) and is a key feature in the idea of policy packages. This strategy was central to both the heavy vehicle fee package in Switzerland and the congestion charging packages, and it involved clearly stating how revenues were returned to the public, which Xxxxxxxxxx et al. (2001) have identified as a key success factor. The combination of sticks and carrots, and the clarity on how revenues would be spent, served as a key success factor for creating acceptance in policy formation in these two cases, but for the congestion charging packages it also had some influence in the implementation processes. By applying this strategy, the redistributive elements in the congestion charging schemes were made more acceptable, since travellers got something back, either in terms of improved bus services and other public transport (as in all three congestion charging cases), or in new road infrastructure (as in the permanent congestion charging scheme in Stockholm). This strategy also indicates a way of overcoming financial barriers by establishing of policy packages including pricing mechanisms, where the revenue is applied for funding of investments. This was the situation in the examples of the Swiss and German heavy vehicle fee packages as well as the congestion charging packages in Stockholm and London. In all these examples the revenue from applying a pricing instrument is used to fund investments. It should, however, be noted that there is a discrepancy between improvements actually occurring before the decisions is taken and such that are promised to happen after the decision. The Stockholm case, although providing new bus-lines prior to the decision, also shows that it is easy to later on change the promised use of revenues (in this case from public transport to road investments). Although to a lesser extent, a combination of sticks and carrots also appears in other cases. For instance in the case with aviation in ETS, the revenues raised when auctioning emission rights for aviation will be used to fund research and development in aircraft technology and alternative aviation fuels. This will support the aviation industry with new knowledge, which makes the policy package more favourable for the...
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