EVs DSM operation. The flexibility of the EVs’ batteries can be employed to carry out the following duties: • optimize the loads: the dynamic controller of the EVSEs can regulate power profile delivered to the charging points to shave loads peak curve, avoiding congestions on the distribution (V2G) line or the passing of the POD limits (V2B); • maximize the self-consumption of the of the PV production (V2B): the batteries can store the energy generated by the PV plant during the periods of high production and provide energy to the building when the load is higher than the production; • secondary and tertiary regulation (V2G): the flexibility of the batteries can be used to regulate the operation voltage of the distribution grid. Furthermore, an aggregate cluster of EVs, connected to EVSEs enabled for the V2G operation, can participate to the ancillary service market in order to provide the above-mentioned service to the distribution/transmission network operator. The DSM acts as high-level controller that will provide to the PM (low-level controller) the set-point of the overall available power at the POD as a power reference value. This constraint is calculated by means a day-ahead optimization performed by the DSM taking as inputs the forecast of the PV generation and building load, the initial SoC of the batteries, provided by the EVs builder, and the scheduling of the EVs, given by the owner of the EVs. In the V2B mode the power reference value can be both positive, if the EVs is absorbing power from the grid to charge the batteries, or negative, if the EVs is injecting power into the grid. The PM it is based on the reliability of the scheduling of the EVs, the PV plant’s production and building’s load forecasts. This tool will optimize the power, both delivered to or provided by each charging point, in function of the overall available power at POD accordingly with the day-ahead results provided by the DSM. Instead, if one of the main inputs is not reliable (e.g. change in the EVs scheduling or highly variable weather), the PM will optimize the power delivered to each charging point in function of the overall available power at POD not considering the day-ahead calculated power profile. Furthermore, the real-time tool will guarantee also the safe operation of the EVSEs.
