Insights from Research Paper 2 Sample Clauses

Insights from Research Paper 2. Is time preference different across incomes and countries? The subjective discount rate is a fundamental parameter in any economic model that describes problems of intertemporal allocation of resources, consumption or capital. Various factors, including income, wealth, education and culture, influence the degree to which individuals discount the value of future costs and benefits. Large differences in time preference across countries and income classes Theory predicts an important relationship between time preference and income and country-specific factors, and substantial amount of evidence has supported this hypothesis. The idea that income level is an important indicator of time preference has received strong empirical support with literature indicating an inverse relationship with discount rates related to individual consumption choices for energy efficient appliances. The inverse relation between time preference and income level is explained in the literature as a result of imperfect capital markets that prevent impatient low-income individuals from investing, but also driven by more deep-seated cultural and geographical factors. Discount rates are higher for low-income classes This study offers new empirical evidence on the relationship between time preference and income levels, by estimating discount rates for a set of six European countries across five different income classes, using time series data and calculating an explicit test of these differences. This estimation benefits from the use of a carefully- designed data driven procedure to select the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) instruments, which are then combined together in a system GMM estimation. The econometric estimation finds overwhelming evidence of differences in time preference between countries conditional on the same income class, and a more varied picture as to the within-country differences across income classes, reflecting country-specific factors such as culture and institutions. Overall, the study confirms that the discount rate is highest for low-income individuals, which implies that low-income households should be supported with dedicated subsidies in order to perform the required investment in energy efficiency and minimise the potential adverse social and distributional impacts of climate policies.
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