Insights from Research Paper 1 Sample Clauses

Insights from Research Paper 1. Setting CO2 standards on trucks The European Commission introduced in 2018, for the first time, CO2 emission standards for truck manufacturers, to incite additional reduction in the road transport CO2 emissions; trucks represent the second major contributor to CO2 emissions in the EU road transport (after private cars). The research paper presents a model-based analysis which simulates the implementation of such targets and policies in a comprehensive energy economic framework and assesses the impacts of such standards on energy demand, emissions and transport costs using the PRIMES-TREMOVE model. CO2 standards on trucks can effectively reduce emissions The model-based analysis shows that the implementation of CO2 emissions targets on truck manufacturers will lead to a reduction in the emissions of the trucks in the EU road freight transport sector. The implementation of CO2 standards outweighs the increase in the CO2 emissions from trucks resulting from increased road freight activity between 2015 and 2030. From the perspective of truck operators, the model-based analysis shows that CO2 standards will significantly decrease the fuel expenditures without an equivalent increase in the capital costs. More ambitious CO2 standards on trucks positively influence the uptake of alternative powertrains LNG trucks are found to be favored from the presence of standards as the CO2 emission factor of natural gas is significantly lower relative to diesel. Finally, the presence of standards is found to positively influence the uptake of zero emission trucks, includinghydrogen and electric trucks, for the horizon until 2030, in the most ambitious scenario, in particular. Regarding the 2030-2050 period, significant reductions in GHG emissions from trucks will be needed in order to contribute to the ambitious decarbonisation of the sector. A combined approach of setting progressively more ambitious CO2 emission standards on truck manufacturers and identifying and implementing policy measures to manage activity growth of road freight transportation is suggested for the period beyond 2030. More ambitious standards will trigger the uptake of zero emission truck technologies that will become increasingly competitive by 2050, while fiscal measures, like road charging based on environmental criteria, can manage the growth of the diesel-powered trucks transport activity in the EU.
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Insights from Research Paper 1. Beyond the energy system: modelling frameworks depicting distributional impacts for interdisciplinary policy analysis The research study (which has already been published as a scientific paper) synthesizes common modelling frameworks used to assess technical and environmental aspects in policy analysis and their recent progress to illustrate social and distributional impacts of energy and climate policies. The study presents the main indicators produced by each modelling method and includes a critical review pointing to gaps and limitations that could be addressed by future research. Various modelling frameworks are used to simulate distributional impacts of climate policies There is increasing interest in the analysis of social and distributional impacts of energy and environmental policies, as more ambitious policies (commonly in the form of imposing taxation on energy products) are implemented worldwide. Distributional effects refer to how the gains and costs of a project or policy are distributed among its participants, which in terms of policy-making may refer to different regions, sectors, and households. Distributional impacts are commonly associated with inequality, which may include differences in income and welfare. Ignoring possible distributional effects may result in less effective policies and even increased inequalities as climate policies, without mitigation measures, may induce regressive distributional impacts, disproportionately affecting disadvantaged population groups. Various modelling approaches are used in the scientific literature to simulate the distributional impacts of energy and climate policies, including energy system partial equilibrium models, input-output modelling frameworks, macro-econometric, general equilibrium models, environmental and microsimulation models. The fundamentals of each modelling framework are described to provide a complete view of the diversity of modelling tools available for energy and environmental policy analysis. The comparative scientific assessment shows that the utilization of such modelling frameworks precedes the study of energy and climate policies in its modern transdisciplinary concept, so each method alone is only capable of capturing specific distributional effects associated with climate policy measures. Integrated modelling approaches are required to appropriately assess the distributional impacts of climate policies The study describes how distributional effects are traditionally cons...
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