NeuroRobotics Sample Clauses

NeuroRobotics. During the past years researchers and scientist’s community have focused their efforts to develop solutions in which electrical signals produced by the brain could be connected to a computers. In this way that signal could be use to direct control the prosthesis and provide a feedback to the user. According to Xxxxxxx et al. (Xxxxxxx J., 2012) the classification of the brain machine interfaces (BMI) neuroprosthetic devices is given by the technique used to access to the signals generated by the brain. There are two groups: ▪ non-invasive techniques ▪ invasive techniques Non-invasive techniques do not make use of surgery to access to the brain signals. These are the most common solution used to control artificial device because of low level of invasiveness. They are able to record two different type of signal: evoked response and induced response. However, non-invasive signals have a very short bandwidth and low spatial resolution, on the contrary they have a good temporal resolution. In general the signal extract with these techniques are attenuated because they are reordered trough skin and scalps (such as EEG case) so the electrical conductivity being reduced. On the other hand invasive techniques require surgery to access inside the skull and directly extract the neural signals. This methodology can be used to obtain good signals from isolated and small areas inside the brain with a low signal-to noise ratio because electrode are very close to neurons. In some case electrode remain on the surface and don’t penetrate the cortex, otherwise some electrode penetrate deeply into the brain. The main cons of this technique is that it required surgery to correctly position the electrode or to expose the brain’s surface. Actually researches are tried to decode monkey’s neural signal in order to correctly control manipulation of hand prosthesis. All these signal recorder both with invasive and non-invasive technique could be used to control a robotic agents such as: wheelchairs, control of spelling devices, control of prosthetic devices, interaction with computers and other electronic devices, interaction with robots and other medical and engineering applications. Actually these neural solution are completely in experimental phase and have not appeared realistic application for daily life. In order to develop a durable applications which can be implemented in daily life, on the one hand, non invasive techniques must improve in spatial resolution and reduce the co...
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