REFERENCE VALUES. The reference ranges presented were established with the Split Beta SPE System on 38 normal specimens using the SPIFE Nexus. These values are presented as a guideline. % of Total Protein Fraction Mean ± 2 S.D. Albumin 46.2 - 63.0 Alpha1 1.7 - 4.4 Alpha2 6.8 - 13.7 Beta 12.5 - 18.5 Gamma 10.6 - 22.7 Each laboratory should perform its own normal range study. Variations of Expected Values5 Studies show that values are the same for both males and nonpregnant females (Some differences are seen in pregnant females at term and in women on oral contraceptives). Age has some effect on normal levels. Cord blood has decreased total protein, albumin, alpha2 and beta fractions, slightly increased alpha1 and normal or increased gamma fractions (largely of maternal origin). The gamma globulins drop rapidly until about three months of age, while the other fractions have reached adult levels by this time. Adult levels of the gamma globulins are not reached until 16 years of age. The albumin decreases and beta globulin increases after the age of 40.
REFERENCE VALUES. Reference range studies were established using 37 male and female adults with a total cholesterol of < 200 mg/dL. Lipoprotein Fraction % of Total Lipoprotein Alpha 12.6 - 46.6 Pre-Beta 0 - 57.1 Beta 21.7 - 67.7 Chylomicrons < 1.0 Any quantitation of Lp(a) must be added to pre-beta for an accurate total pre-beta. These values are intended as guidelines. Each laboratory should establish its own normal range study because of population differences in various regions.
REFERENCE VALUES. The reference value for Plateletworks AA agonist tube was determined on samples collected from healthy volunteers. Each laboratory should establish their own reference range with their normal patient population.6 The data are as follows: Agonist Reference Range AA 60-100% aggregation RESULTS Plateletworks arachidonic acid aggregation was done on samples from volunteer donors. 134 samples were from individuals not taking aspirin and 265 were from individuals taking aspirin. The results are shown below. Normal (positive) = ≥60% Aggregation Abnormal (negative) = <60% Aggregation Overall Agreement 90.7% Positive Agreement 87.6% Negative Agreement 97.0% LIMITATIONS - Only fresh, human whole blood should be added to the Plateletworks tubes. Do not collect samples into blood collection tubes containing anticoagulant (i.e., sodium citrate, EDTA, or heparin) prior to addition to the Plateletworks tubes. - It is recognized that many drugs and compounds (prescription and non-prescription) may affect platelet aggregation. The most common of these is aspirin. Therefore, a complete medical history that includes a list of drugs taken for 7-10 days prior to testing should be obtained. - The validity of the Plateletworks assay is dependent on the accuracy of the platelet counts obtained. Multiple factors may potentially interfere with the accuracy of the platelet count when performed on an automated cell counter. Therefore, platelet counts obtained should be scrutinized in light of the patient’s clinical circumstance and previous platelet count results. Plateletworks results should always be interpreted in light of the clinical history and condition of the patient. - It may be beneficial for any abnormal baseline results to be further investigated using additional platelet testing methodology, such as platelet count, bleeding time, assessment of platelet morphology, and others. - Do not use Plateletworks tubes past their expiration date or those which have been improperly stored. - Plateletworks results may be affected by poor technique (e.g., improper blood sample volume, delayed test performance beyond recommended procedure, etc.).
REFERENCE VALUES. The reference ranges presented were established with the SPIFE Split Beta SPE and the QuickGel Split Beta SPE Systems on 48 normal specimens using the SPIFE 3000 Analyzer. These values are presented as a guideline. % of Total Protein Protein Fraction x ± 2 S.D. Albumin 47.6 - 61.9 Alpha1 1.4 - 4.6 Alpha2 7.3 - 13.9 Beta 10.9 - 19.1 Gamma 9.5 - 24.8 Each laboratory should perform its own normal range study. Variations of Expected Values5 Studies show that values are the same for both males and nonpregnant females. (Some differences are seen in pregnant females at term and in women on oral contraceptives.) Age has some effect on normal levels. Cord blood has decreased total protein, albumin, alpha2, and beta fractions, slightly increased alpha1 and normal or increased gamma fractions (largely of maternal origin). The gamma globulins drop rapidly until about three months of age, while the other fractions have reached adult levels by this time. Adult levels of the gamma globulins are not reached until 16 years of age. The albumin decreases and beta globulin increases after the age of 40.
REFERENCE VALUES. At birth, the majority of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes of the normal individual is fetal hemoglobin, HbF. Some of the major adult hemoglobin, HbA, and a small amount of HbA2 are also present. At the end of the first year of life and through adulthood, the major hemoglobin present is HbA with up to 3.5% HbA2 and less than 2% HbF.
REFERENCE VALUES. Lipoprotein cholesterol values vary according to age and sex26, and wide variations among different geographical locations and races have been reported6.. Therefore, it is essential that each laboratory establish its own expected range for its particular population. A total of 54 patients with normal total cholesterol (total cholesterol ≤ 200 mg/dL) were tested using the QuickGel Cholesterol system. These patients have not been differentiated by age, race or sex. These values should only serve as guidelines. Range (x¯ ± 2 SD) HDL (%) 11.8 - 45.0 Lp(a)-C% 0.0 - 12.2 VLDL (%) 0.0 - 20.3 LDL (%) 47.6 - 77.5 Each laboratory should establish its own range for age, sex and race. RESULTS The QuickGel Cholesterol system separates the major lipoprotein classes. The alpha band which migrates the farthest toward the anode corresponds to HDL. The next band, pre-beta, corresponds to VLDL. If a band appears between alpha and pre-beta, it is the Lp(a)-C band and should be added to the LDL quantitation when reporting the total LDL value.27 It does not appear in every sample at measurable concentrations. The slowest moving beta band corresponds approximately to LDL. Chylomicrons, if present, remain at the origin. Calculations H xxxxx densitometers will automatically calculate and print the relative percent and the absolute values for each band when the specimen total cholesterol is entered. Refer to the Operator’s Manual provided with the instrument. Figure 1: A scan of a QuickGel Cholesterol pattern.
REFERENCE VALUES. At birth, the majority of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes of the normal individual is fetal hemoglobin, HbF. Some of the major adult hemoglobin, HbA, and a small amount of HbA2 are also present. At the end of the first year of life and through adulthood, the major hemoglobin present is HbA with up to 3.7% HbA2 and less than 2% HbF.3 A study of 47 normal adult specimens was done using the SPIFE system with the following results: HbA - 97.1% - 99.1% HbA2 - 0.9% - 2.9% These values should only serve as guidelines. Each laboratory should establish its own range.
REFERENCE VALUES. A reference range study was conducted for Helena Laboratories using frozen plasma samples from 27 normal adult donors. Results for Xxxxxx xXXX-SA run on the Cascade 480 with samples from blood collected into evacuated collection tubes containing 3.8% sodium citrate were as follows: Range + 2 S.D. = 20.7 - 32.7 seconds ¯X = 26.7 seconds These values should serve only as guidelines. Because differences may exist among instruments, laboratories and local populations, it is recommended that each laboratory establish its own range of expected values.10
REFERENCE VALUES. SPE: Using 42 normal specimens from male and female adult donors, the following normal ranges were obtained (these are presented as a guideline only): Protein Fraction Mean (%) ± 2SD Range Albumin 61.0 54.4 - 67.6 Alpha-1 4.2 2.9 - 5.4 Alpha-2 9.4 6.6 - 12.2 Beta 11.8 9.7 - 14.6 Gamma 13.6 8.4 - 18.9 SPE (Fast CE): Using 42 normal specimens from male and female adult donors, the following normal ranges were obtained (these are presented as a guideline only): Protein Fraction Mean (%) ± 2SD Range Albumin 53.8 48.4 - 59.2 Alpha-1 6.6 4.9 - 8.2 Alpha-2 10.8 8.0 - 13.5 Beta 14.3 11.7 - 16.8 Gamma 14.6 9.5 - 19.6 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS Helena Laboratories has determined the following performance characteristics according to CLSI EP05-A3. Samples were run twice per day with two repetitions per run for 20 days. Each laboratory should establish its own performance data. Precision: SPE:
REFERENCE VALUES. Protein S antigen values are usually expressed in relative percentages compared to a pooled normal plasma standard.
