REFERENCE VALUES. The reference ranges presented were established with the Split Beta SPE System on 38 normal specimens using the SPIFE Nexus. These values are presented as a guideline. Albumin 46.2 - 63.0 Alpha1 1.7 - 4.4 Alpha2 6.8 - 13.7 Beta 12.5 - 18.5 Gamma 10.6 - 22.7 Each laboratory should perform its own normal range study. Variations of Expected Values5 Studies show that values are the same for both males and nonpregnant females (Some differences are seen in pregnant females at term and in women on oral contraceptives). Age has some effect on normal levels. Cord blood has decreased total protein, albumin, alpha2 and beta fractions, slightly increased alpha1 and normal or increased gamma fractions (largely of maternal origin). The gamma globulins drop rapidly until about three months of age, while the other fractions have reached adult levels by this time. Adult levels of the gamma globulins are not reached until 16 years of age. The albumin decreases and beta globulin increases after the age of 40.
REFERENCE VALUES. Reference range studies were established using 37 male and female adults with a total cholesterol of < 200 mg/dL. Alpha 12.6 - 46.6 Pre-Beta 0 - 57.1 Beta 21.7 - 67.7 Chylomicrons < 1.0 Any quantitation of Lp(a) must be added to pre-beta for an accurate total pre-beta. These values are intended as guidelines. Each laboratory should establish its own normal range study because of population differences in various regions.
REFERENCE VALUES. The reference value for Plateletworks AA agonist tube was determined on samples collected from healthy volunteers. Each laboratory should establish their own reference range with their normal patient population.6 The data are as follows: AA 60-100% aggregation Plateletworks arachidonic acid aggregation was done on samples from volunteer donors. 134 samples were from individuals not taking aspirin and 265 were from individuals taking aspirin. The results are shown below. Normal (positive) = ≥60% Aggregation Abnormal (negative) = <60% Aggregation Overall Agreement 90.7% Positive Agreement 87.6% Negative Agreement 97.0% - Only fresh, human whole blood should be added to the Plateletworks tubes. Do not collect samples into blood collection tubes containing anticoagulant (i.e., sodium citrate, EDTA, or heparin) prior to addition to the Plateletworks tubes. - It is recognized that many drugs and compounds (prescription and non-prescription) may affect platelet aggregation. The most common of these is aspirin. Therefore, a complete medical history that includes a list of drugs taken for 7-10 days prior to testing should be obtained. - The validity of the Plateletworks assay is dependent on the accuracy of the platelet counts obtained. Multiple factors may potentially interfere with the accuracy of the platelet count when performed on an automated cell counter. Therefore, platelet counts obtained should be scrutinized in light of the patient’s clinical circumstance and previous platelet count results. Plateletworks results should always be interpreted in light of the clinical history and condition of the patient. - It may be beneficial for any abnormal baseline results to be further investigated using additional platelet testing methodology, such as platelet count, bleeding time, assessment of platelet morphology, and others. - Do not use Plateletworks tubes past their expiration date or those which have been improperly stored. - Plateletworks results may be affected by poor technique (e.g., improper blood sample volume, delayed test performance beyond recommended procedure, etc.).
REFERENCE VALUES. At birth, the majority of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes of the normal individual is fetal hemoglobin, HbF. Some of the major adult hemoglobin, HbA, and a small amount of HbA2 are also present. At the end of the first year of life and through adulthood, the major hemoglobin present is HbA with up to 3.5% HbA2 and less than 2% HbF.
REFERENCE VALUES. Lipoprotein cholesterol values vary according to age and sex26, and wide variations among different geographical locations and races have been reported.6 Therefore, it is essential that each laboratory establish its own expected range for its particular population. A total of 54 patients with normal total cholesterol (total cholesterol ≤ 200 mg/dL) were tested using the QuickGel Cholesterol system. These patients have not been differentiated by age, race or sex. These values should only serve as guidelines. HDL (%) 11.8 - 45.0 Lp(a)-C% 0.0 - 12.2 VLDL (%) 0.0 - 20.3 LDL (%) 47.6 - 77.5 Each laboratory should establish its own range for age, sex and race. The QuickGel Cholesterol system separates the major lipoprotein classes. The alpha band which migrates the farthest toward the anode corresponds to HDL. The next band, pre-beta, corresponds to VLDL. If a band appears between alpha and pre-beta, it is the Lp(a)-C band and should be added to the LDL quantitation when reporting the total LDL value.27 It does not appear in every sample at measurable concentrations. The slowest moving beta band corresponds approximately to LDL. Chylomicrons, if present, remain at the origin. Helena densitometers will automatically calculate and print the relative percent and the absolute values for each band when the specimen total cholesterol is entered. Refer to the Operator’s Manual provided with the instrument. Figure 1: A scan of a QuickGel Cholesterol pattern.
REFERENCE VALUES. Protein C antigen values are usually expressed in relative percentages compared to a pooled normal plasma standard. The expected normal range for protein C antigen run by rocket electrophoresis has been reported at 65-129%8 with newborns showing less than 50% levels. Xxxxxxx et al.7, reported a range of 65-145% in health individuals with diminished levels found following anticoagulant therapy. There is apparently no difference in protein C antigen levels between healthy males and females.9 Xxxxxx tested 39 plasmas of presumed healthy men and women. The results were as follows: X = 101% SD = 24 Range = 53 - 149% Each laboratory should establish its own normal range for this procedure.
REFERENCE VALUES. Lipoprotein cholesterol values vary according to age and sex,26 and wide variations among different geographical locations and races have been reported.6 Therefore, it is essential that each laboratory establish its own expected range for its particular population. A total of 60 patients with normal total cholesterol (total cholesterol ≤ 200 mg/dL) were tested using the SPIFE Vis Cholesterol system. These patients have not been differentiated by age, race or sex. HDL (%) 10.7 - 37.7 Lp(a)-C (%) 0.0 - 10.3 VLDL (%) 0.0 - 33.6 LDL (%) 45.8 - 80.4 These values should only serve as guidelines. Each laboratory should establish its own range for age, sex and race.
REFERENCE VALUES. The values listed as reference are indicators of the expected performance of each measurement. Measurements that show variations in relation to these values do not guarantee neither automatic approval nor failure, since in all cases, the PagSeguro technical teams will give their opinion after analyzing the equipment as a whole. Among other considerations, comparisons will also be made with other models and manufacturers, with the purpose of ensuring the maintenance of the quality of PagSeguro’s services to its clients. BOUNDARY VALUES The boundary values delimit technical acceptance. The measurements that are outside the boundary range are technically failed. TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS Maximum Transmission Power 22 dBm 19 dBm Sensitivity -95 dBm -87.84 dBm Maximum Transmission Power (class 2 in 8-DPSK) 4 dBm 3 dBm Sensitivity -95 dBm -90 dBm
REFERENCE VALUES. A reference range study was conducted for Helena Laboratories using frozen plasma samples from 27 normal adult donors. Results for Xxxxxx xXXX-SA run on the Cascade 480 with samples from blood collected into evacuated collection tubes containing 3.8% sodium citrate were as follows: ¯X = 26.7 seconds These values should serve only as guidelines. Because differences may exist among instruments, laboratories and local populations, it is recommended that each laboratory establish its own range of expected values.10
REFERENCE VALUES. Willebrand Factor Antigen values are generally expressed in relative percents as compared to a standard or pooled normal plasma. The expected normal range for the Xxxxxx xxx Xxxxxxxxxx Factor Antigen Rocket EIA Method is 50% to 160%. This range was established by testing a total of 50 individuals, 25 males and 25 females. Testing on male donors versus female donors showed no significant difference in mean values. This normal range compared favorably with normal ranges reported by Xxxxxxxxx0 and Xxxxxxx.6 Severe von Willebrand’s patients often show no detectable rocket precipitation by this method. Other patients with von Willebrand’s disease have been reported with normal levels of von Willebrand Factor Antigen.7 The diagnosis of von Willebrand’s syndrome should not be made on the basis of this test alone. Factor VIII coagulant activity, ristocetin aggregation, template bleeding times and a thorough history and physical are essential for an accurate diagnosis of this disease. On the basis of the results from various tests, von Xxxxxxxxxx’s patients may be classified into several categories. Suspected von Xxxxxxxxxx’s patients should be tested on several different occasions due to the variability in the test results observed. There are fluctuations in the levels of the immunologically detectable protein as well as in the functional activity in the Factor VIII molecule.6, 8, 9 Each laboratory should establish its own reference range for this procedure. Figure 2: Standard Curve prepared with Coagulation S.A.R.P. on 2 cycle semi-logarithmic paper. The rocket lengths of the standards are as follows: 100% activity = 26 mm 50% activity = 21 mm 25% activity = 16 mm 12.5% activity = 11 mm From the curve, a patient with a rocket length of 17 mm for 1:2 dilution would have 30% activity. See Step G.4. of the Step-By-Step Method for complete patient calculations.
