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Common use of Resilience Clause in Contracts

Resilience. Riparian zone Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (xxxxx://xxx.xxx/10.1007/s00248-018-1183-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Xxxxx-Xxx Xx xxx@xxxxx.xx.xx Xx Xxxx xxxxxx@xxxxx.xx.xx 1 Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, the Netherlands 4 Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany 5 Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Xxxxx-Xxxx-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany 6 Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100048, China Introduction Disturbance is defined as a discrete event, force, or process, of either abiotic or biotic origin, that results in changes in the relative abundance and diversity of organisms, or in their com- munity composition [1, 2]. Disturbances occur at different scales, frequencies, intensities, and periodicities [3]. They can be divided into Bpulse^ or Bpress^ disturbance according to their duration and impact. In general, pulse disturbances are relatively discrete, short-term events, whereas presses are long term or continuous [4]. In natural ecosystems, disturbances frequently come from regime shifts such as fire or flooding cycles [2, 5, 6], which cause changes in community composi- tion arising from a shift between alternative stable states. Microbial communities show different strategies in responding to environmental disturbances. In some cases, mi- crobial groups show a high degree of metabolic flexibility and physiological tolerance which makes them resistant against changing environmental conditions [7]. Resilient microbial communities may experience changes in composition in re- sponse to unfavorable conditions; however, they may still re- cover quickly, whether by fast growth rates, physiological ad- aptation, or rapid evolution [8]. Whether or to what extent a community could recover from a disturbance depends on the strength and duration of the disturbance [9, 10]. Understanding how microbial guilds respond to cycles of disturbance and the recovery process can reveal important relationships between community structure and ecosystem functions, especially in the context of global climate change with predictable increas- ing in extreme drought or precipitation events [11]. Ammonia oxidation, which is often the rate-limiting step of nitrification in a wide variety of environments [12], is a critical ecosystem process. It has been long assumed that autotrophic ammonia oxidation is exclusively performed by bacteria (am- monia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)); however, the isolation of marine ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), Candidatus ‘N. maritimus’ [13], initiated extensive studies on the physi- ology [14], distribution [15–17], and role of Archaea in am- monia oxidation [18, 19]. The distributions and relative roles of AOA and AOB are often differentiated by environmental conditions, which is probably due to the distinct physiologies between Archaea and Bacteria. For instance, AOA tend to dominate at low pH (3.7–5.8) [16, 20], and are nearly ten times more abundant than AOB in a low-oxygen (0.1–

Appears in 3 contracts

Samples: End User Agreement, End User Agreement, End User Agreement

Resilience. Riparian zone Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (xxxxx://xxx.xxx/10.1007/s00248-018-1183-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Xxxxx-Xxx Xx xxx@xxxxx.xx.xx * Xx Xxxx xxxxxx@xxxxx.xx.xx 1 Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 Department of Microbiology, IWWR, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen 6525 AJ, the Netherlands 4 Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany 5 Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Xxxxx-Xxxx-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany 6 Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100048, China Introduction Disturbance is defined as a discrete event, force, or process, of either abiotic or biotic origin, that results in changes in the relative abundance and diversity of organisms, or in their com- munity composition [1, 2]. Disturbances occur at different scales, frequencies, intensities, and periodicities [3]. They can be divided into Bpulse^ or Bpress^ disturbance according to their duration and impact. In general, pulse disturbances are relatively discrete, short-term events, whereas presses are long term or continuous [4]. In natural ecosystems, disturbances frequently come from regime shifts such as fire or flooding cycles [2, 5, 6], which cause changes in community composi- tion arising from a shift between alternative stable states. Microbial communities show different strategies in responding to environmental disturbances. In some cases, mi- crobial groups show a high degree of metabolic flexibility and physiological tolerance which makes them resistant against changing environmental conditions [7]. Resilient microbial communities may experience changes in composition in re- sponse to unfavorable conditions; however, they may still re- cover quickly, whether by fast growth rates, physiological ad- aptation, or rapid evolution [8]. Whether or to what extent a community could recover from a disturbance depends on the strength and duration of the disturbance [9, 10]. Understanding how microbial guilds respond to cycles of disturbance and the recovery process can reveal important relationships between community structure and ecosystem functions, especially in the context of global climate change with predictable increas- ing in extreme drought or precipitation events [11]. Ammonia oxidation, which is often the rate-limiting step of nitrification in a wide variety of environments [12], is a critical ecosystem process. It has been long assumed that autotrophic ammonia oxidation is exclusively performed by bacteria (am- monia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)); however, the isolation of marine ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), Candidatus ‘N. maritimus’ [13], initiated extensive studies on the physi- ology [14], distribution [15–17], and role of Archaea in am- monia oxidation [18, 19]. The distributions and relative roles of AOA and AOB are often differentiated by environmental conditions, which is probably due to the distinct physiologies between Archaea and Bacteria. For instance, AOA tend to dominate at low pH (3.7–5.8) [16, 20], and are nearly ten times more abundant than AOB in a low-oxygen (0.1–

Appears in 1 contract

Samples: End User Agreement