Simulation results and discussion Sample Clauses

Simulation results and discussion. In the CR-based chaotic OFDM-CSK system, a Chebyshev map is used to generate a chaotic sequence. The system is applied in spectrum overlay, or opportunistic spectrum access (OSA), wherein secondary users aim to exploit frequency bands that are not used by primary users in a particular geographical area. In this scheme, there are no power limits placed on secondary users because of the absence of interference with primary users. In a simulation, the following parameters are considered: 2 secondary users, 2 primary users, data rate = 10kbps, symbol period Tb = 100µsec, spreading factor β = 12/25/50, FFT length = 64, data subcarriers = 52, and a Rayleigh fading channel with AWGN. The number of taps for the Rayleigh fading channel, in the comparison between traditional and chaotic OFDM, is 10 in overlay spectrum access.
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Simulation results and discussion. The Fermi model was solved mainly by using KMC simulation. In our simulation, we chose a set of different β at three Markovian probabilities P0 = 0.321, 0.547 and 0.776. In Fig.(4.11), results are presented by showing the purchase percentage versus number of respondents.

Related to Simulation results and discussion

  • Results and Discussion Table 1 (top) shows the root mean square error (RMSE) between the three tests for different numbers of topics. These results show that all three tests largely agree with each other but as the sample size (number of topics) decreases, the agreement decreases. In line with the results found for 50 topics, the randomization and bootstrap tests agree more with the t-test than with each other. We looked at pairwise scatterplots of the three tests at the different topic sizes. While there is some disagreement among the tests at large p-values, i.e. those greater than 0.5, none of the tests would predict such a run pair to have a significant difference. More interesting to us is the behavior of the tests for run pairs with lower p-values. ≥ Table 1 (bottom) shows the RMSE among the three tests for run pairs that all three tests agreed had a p-value greater than 0.0001 and less than 0.5. In contrast to all pairs with p-values 0.0001 (Table 1 top), these run pairs are of more importance to the IR researcher since they are the runs that require a statistical test to judge the significance of the per- formance difference. For these run pairs, the randomization and t tests are much more in agreement with each other than the bootstrap is with either of the other two tests. Looking at scatterplots, we found that the bootstrap tracks the t-test very well but shows a systematic bias to produce p-values smaller than the t-test. As the number of topics de- creases, this bias becomes more pronounced. Figure 1 shows a pairwise scatterplot of the three tests when the number of topics is 10. The randomization test also tends to produce smaller p-values than the t-test for run pairs where the t- test estimated a p-value smaller than 0.1, but at the same time, produces some p-values greater than the t-test’s. As Figure 1 shows, the bootstrap consistently gives smaller p- values than the t-test for these smaller p-values. While the bootstrap and the randomization test disagree with each other more than with the t-test, Figure 1 shows that for a low number of topics, the randomization test shows less noise in its agreement with the bootstrap com- Figure 1: A pairwise comparison of the p-values less than 0.25 produced by the randomization, t-test, and the bootstrap tests for pairs of TREC runs with only 10 topics. The small number of topics high- lights the differences between the three tests. pared to the t-test for small p-values.

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