SPATIOTEMPORAL INTERACTIONS OF ENZOOTIC RACCOON RABIES IN RACCOONS AND SKUNKS Sample Clauses

SPATIOTEMPORAL INTERACTIONS OF ENZOOTIC RACCOON RABIES IN RACCOONS AND SKUNKS. Transmission of disease depends not only on the interaction between the location and timing of cases (Real and Xxxx 2007) but also on the number of susceptible individuals within a given area considered at risk for infection. Since these factors can change over time and throughout space, disease occurrence is often distributed heterogeneously (Xxxxxxxx and May 1978). For RRV, the situation is further complicated due to the potential for heterogeneity in a multi-host system. In the northeastern US, RRV infects both raccoons and skunks, and a major concern is that a host-shift will result in sustained skunk to skunk transmission of RRV. Although host shifts were previously thought to be uncommon for rabies viruses, a bat rabies virus variant in Arizona has recently become adapted to skunks and foxes and is now efficiently circulating within the carnivore populations (Xxxxxx et al. 2006; xxxx://xxx.xxxx.xxx/onlnews/javma/nov09/091115m.asp). If RRV was maintained and co-transmitted via skunks and raccoons, it would greatly complicate RRV control as ORV is relatively ineffective in skunks either due to the vaccine itself or to poor vaccine delivery when skunks consume the ORV baits (Charlton et al. 1992; Xxxxxx et al. 2003; United States Department of Agriculture 2007). The purpose of this study is to determine whether RRV cases are significantly spatially-temporally clustered (and at what scale) and to determine the involvement of skunks in maintaining RRV in the northeastern US. We examined RRV surveillance records in Massachusetts over a 5 year period and used the spatial-temporal K-function to investigate the influence of host biology on the spatial and temporal clustering or aggregation of raccoon rabies in a multi-host mesocarnivore system. Since rabies is a directly transmitted virus, it requires contact between two animals for transmission to occur. Therefore, host factors such as home range diameter, incubation period, and infectious period likely affect the spatial and temporal clustering of the pathogen due to the transmission process itself (Carslake et al. 2005; Carslake et al. 2006). Clustering of RRV cases on a particular scale could indicate the range of time and/or distance that a particular animal is at risk of infecting other animals. We hypothesized that transmission would most often occur within one home range diameter and one infectious period for each species. CHAPTER 2 Population Genetics of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) Corresponding to a Ne...
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