The Importance of Microbiota on Immunity and Immune System Development Sample Clauses

The Importance of Microbiota on Immunity and Immune System Development. The microbiota in the last decade has gained notoriety as a factor involved in immunity at mucosal surfaces and in the development of the immune system in the gut. Since our aims included investigating how gut microbiota influences RV infection and immunity, a thorough discussion of how the microbiota influences immune system development and immunity is discussed below. All epithelial surfaces of the human body are colonized by bacteria, but the gastrointestinal tract has the highest bacterial burden; an average human has 1014 bacteria inhabiting their gut, which is 10 fold greater than the total number of cells comprising the entire human body (55). Novel sequencing methods have revealed the diversity of the microbiota anywhere from 1,000 to 40,000 species depending on the method used (56). Such diversity is highly dependent on the location along the intestinal tract with species at the small intestine vastly different than species at the colon or rectum (55). The microbiota and its composition are largely acquired early in life, specifically during vaginal delivery and breastfeeding (57-59). Environmental factors also influence microbiota composition, and factors include antibiotic use, diet, and the presence of siblings during childhood (60-62). Uncontrolled innate factors, like genetics, gender, and age have also shown to influence microbiota composition (60, 63, 64). The functions of gut microbiota are wide-ranging and thought to promote normal healthy bodily processes. It has been demonstrated to be involved in angiogenesis, food digestion, enteric nervous system functioning, epithelial and immune cell homeostasis, and resistance to pathogenic infections (65-70). Microbiota with a dysregulated composition or increased burden has shown to be involved in and contribute to a variety of diseases, including allergies, asthma, cancer, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and obesity (62, 71-74).
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