Theories of Individual Criminal Responsibility for Unlawful Attacks with Autonomous Weapons Sample Clauses

Theories of Individual Criminal Responsibility for Unlawful Attacks with Autonomous Weapons. Preliminarily, two general kinds of individual criminal responsibility may arise when soldiers and/or their commanders violate international humanitarian and/or international human rights law. First, ‘direct’ responsibility arises from an individual’s acts or omissions that contribute to the commission of crimes.62 Second, ‘superior’ or ‘command’ responsibility emanates from the failure of military or civilian superiors to perform their duty to prevent their subordinates from committing such crimes, and/or the failure to fulfill the obligation to punish the perpetrators thereafter.63 Thus, in the ‘Čelebići’ case, the ICTY Appeals Chamber held that the superior ‘would be tried for failure to act in respect of the offences of his subordinates in the perpetration of which he did not directly participate.’64 61 Prosecutor v. Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx, Judgment, IT-04-82-T, 10 July 2008, paras. 601 and 607 – 608. Similarly, when sentencing Xxxxxx Xxxxx, former Minister of Interior for the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, for his responsibility for, inter alia, crimes against humanity that occurred in Kosovo, the Trial Chamber recognized that Xxxxx acted ‘in the midst of a complicated situation, including the defence of the country against NATO bombing and some combat operations against the KLA.’ Prosecutor v. Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx, et. al., Judgment, IT-05-87-T, 26 February 2009, para. 1201. 62 Prosecutor v. Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxx, Judgment, IT-98-29, Trial Chamber, 3 December 2003, para. 169. 63 Prosecutor v. Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Judgment, IT-04-81-A, Appeals Chamber, 28 February 2013, paras. 86 – 87. 64 Prosecutor v. Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx, et. al., Judgment, Appeals Chamber, para. 225 (emphasis added). Moreover, each theory of individual criminal liability contains objective and subjective elements:65 the actus reus – the physical act necessary for the offence -- and the mens rea – the necessary mental element.66 The principle of individual guilt requires that an accused can be convicted of a crime only if her mens rea comprises the actus reus of the crime.67 A conviction absent mens xxx would violate the presumption of innocence.68 Thus, to convict an accused of a crime, she must, at a minimum, have had knowledge of the facts that made her conduct criminal.69 Similarly, at the ICC conviction can occur ‘only if the material elements are committed with intent and knowledge.’70 This conjunctive approach requires the accused to possess a volitional element encompassing two po...

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  • Lobbying Activities - Standard Form - LLL No response Do not upload this form unless Vendor has reportable lobbying activities. There are Attributes entitled, “2 CFR Part 200 or Federal Provision - Xxxx Anti-Lobbying Amendment – Continued.” Properly respond to those Attributes and only upload this form if applicable/instructed. If upload is required based on your response to those Attributes, the Disclosure of Lobbying Activities – Standard Form - LLL must be downloaded from the “Attachments” section of the IonWave eBid System, reviewed, properly completed, and uploaded to this location.

  • Social and Environmental Responsibility Supplier warrants that in all countries in which Supplier and, to Supplier’s information and belief, Supplier’s authorized subcontractors do business, its and their operations comply with all applicable laws and regulations governing labor and employment, employee health and safety, protection of the environment, and ethical practices. Supplier will comply with DXC Supplier Code of Conduct (xxxxx://xxx.xxx.xxxxxxxxxx/cr/ds/118945- csc_responsible_supply_chain_program), including establishment of management systems as described therein.

  • Anti-Money Laundering and Identity Theft Prevention Related Duties Subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, the Trust hereby delegates to the Transfer Agent the Delegated Anti-Money Laundering Duties and, where applicable, the Delegated Identity Theft Prevention Duties that are set forth in the Trust’s Anti-Money Laundering (“AML”) Program and Identity Theft Prevention Program (“IDTPP”) as described below. The Transfer Agent agrees to perform the Delegated Anti-Money Laundering Duties and the Delegated Identity Theft Prevention Duties, with respect to ownership of shares in the Fund for which the Transfer Agent maintains the applicable information subject to and in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Contract.

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