Advantage. For a measure to constitute state aid within the meaning of Art. 61(1) it must 26 confer upon the undertaking an advantage that it would not have had under nor- mal market conditions. The financial situation of the undertaking after the mea- sure must be compared with the financial situation had the measure not been im- plemented.29 The concept of an advantage is an objective notion. It is the xxxxx- cial effects of the measure, which have to be assessed in order to determine whether it constitutes an advantage within the meaning of Art. 61(1).30 A classic example of an advantage is a grant of cash. The notion of an advan- 27 tage is however, much wider. In principle, any economic advantage flowing to the undertaking from state resources can constitute a form of state aid within the meaning of Art. 61(1). This includes tax exemptions and other tax breaks, loans and guarantees not provided on market terms or transactions such as the sale of publicly held property or other assets, or the purchase by public authorities of goods or services on more beneficial terms than what would be acceptable to a rational market economy operator. Transactions carried out on market terms do not fall under Art. 61(1). For in- 28 stance where public authorities sell an asset, the buyer is not considered an aid recipient by the mere fact that it is buying the asset from a public authority. If the public entity is acting as a market economy operator and, in particular, sells the asset at market price, no advantage is transferred to the buyer. This is re- ferred to as the market economy operator (MEO) principle.31 Thus when a 28 ESA has on numerous occasions considered whether different transactions carried out by the publicly owned Icelandic power company Landsvirkjun were imputable to the Icelandic State, see ESA Decisions No 391/11/COL and 392/11/COL, both of 13.12.2011 and ESA Decision 543/14/COL, 10.12.2014. ESA did not conclude on the question of imputability in any of these cases. 29 Case 173/73, 2.7.1974, Italy v Commission, at para. 17. 30 Case C-559/12 P, 3.4.2014, France v Commission, at para. 94. public authority acts as a private entity it is treated as a private entity. This is a result of the neutrality of EEA law as to public and private ownership. However, the MEO principle has a wider application in that it also applies in situations where public entities use their exclusively public competencies, such as afford- ing a tax break to a given undertaking.32 29 The ...
Advantage. Give an economic or other advantage to a party or a party's attorney, representative, agent, insurer or employee without offering the advantage to all parties or fail to offer comparable services, prices or financial terms to all parties, except that different credit terms may be offered based on payment experience and creditworthiness; [PL 2013, c. 298, §1 (NEW).]
Advantage. (1) Enhanced Call Waiting
Advantage. In the following, a (t, qc, nmax)-attacker is an attacker A that runs in time at most t, makes at most qc challenge queries, and never produces a group with more than nmax members. The attacker wins the MKA security game user-mult if he correctly guesses the random bit b in the end and the safety predicate user-safe evaluates to true .on the queries x. xxx by the attacker. The advantage of A against
Advantage. In the following, a (tj, nmax)-attacker is an attacker A that runs in time at most tj and never fills more than nmax virtual cells with data (not equal to ). The attacker wins the forward secret encrypted RAM security game if she correctly guesses the random bit b in the end. The advantage of against a forward secret encrypted RAM scheme eram is defined by Adv eram enc-ram
Advantage loss sustained by one Insured to the advantage of any other Insured;
Advantage. You want to xxxxxx product innovation with the Licensed Programs. You need support that helps You leverage Your expertise. The ADVANTAGE package is the level of support to help You optimize user productivity. The ADVANTAGE package includes the following Support Services: Distribution & download On demand media ordering and Electronic Download On demand media ordering and electronic download will provide Your company with the latest Licensed Program Releases and Maintenance Delivery. Customer know-how enablement Self Support Web tools Allow access to online self-services for a wealth of support tools and Licensed Program information. This online service is available 24 hours per day, 7 days per week (subject to temporary unavailability for system maintenance). Service Request management Defect and Non Defect Management You can go online to submit Your incidents, check their status, manage Your support account and create a single view of all of Your Service Requests and share it with everyone in Your company. This online service is available 24 hours per day, 7 days per week (subject to temporary unavailability for system maintenance). Defect and Non Defect Management does not include: enhancement requests and the development of in- depth methodologies (for example, detailed API consulting). Support for the development of customization and/or new applications using Licensed Programs may be arranged under a separate agreement (e.g Developer Support offer).
Advantage. Subject to the restrictions on transfer set out herein, this Agreement will be binding, and for the benefit of the Members and Economic Interest Owners (if any), and their respective heirs, allotted allocations, execurs, administrators and successors. 17.4
Advantage. (1) Advantage will identify and promote the Broker as a member of the “Advantage Partners Network” with all Companies and vendors.
Advantage. In the following, a (t, c, n)-adversary is an adversary that runs in time at most t, makes at most c challenge queries, and never produces a group with more than n members. The adversary wins the CGKA security game if it correctly guesses the random bit b at the end, and the safety predicate P evaluates true on the queries made by the adversary. The advantage of with safety predicate P against a CGKA protocol CGKA is defined by Adv (A) := Pr[A wins] − . CGKA,P 1 cgka−na 2 ∈ { } Lemma 2 ([3]). Let P tkm, pcsau, fsau and assume that a CGKA pro- tocol CGKA is (t˜, 1, n, P, ε˜)-secure. Then, CGKAis also (t˜′, c, n, P, ε˜′)-secure for t˜′ ≈ t˜ and ε˜′ = cε˜. Definition 1 (Non-adaptive CGKA security). A continuous group key- agreement protocol CGKA is non-adaptively (t, c, n, P, ε)-secure if, for all (t, c, n)- attackers, A ≤ AdvCGKA,P ( ) ε. cgka−na 5 CGKA with Flexible Authorization With Xxxxx et al.’s CGKA protocol RTreeKEM as a basis, we propose a contin- uous group key agreement with flexible authorization (CGKA-FA) by applying a ratcheting digital signature to authenticate users. We appoint one user in the group as the group manager (GM) and the others as other users. This allows us to achieve a one-to-many broadcast-type CGKA protocol that securely provides other users with the authority to perform specific operations only. In addition, while TreeKEM uses the PKI to generate the keys for RT configuration, as the PKI functionality, our CGKA-FA has a one-to-many configuration with GMs, which means we can modify the protocol so that GMs manage the keys that PKI used to manage, and each group member queries GMs for the keys. In actual operation, the CGKA-FA protocol is incorporated into the SGM protocol, as well as CGKA, along with PRF-PRNG, FS-GAEAD, and digital signatures. In general, since authentication for key distribution is required to use digital signa- tures, a trusted third party is necessary after all, but this requires a normal PKI that does not issue initial keys or store private keys, and our concept of PKI in CGKA-FA has security advantages.
