Domestic Politics. In addition to changes in the bargaining power of a good over time, it is important to know when and how the domestic institutions affect policy outcomes. Whether the level of domestic political unity affects bargaining power in international bargaining also needs more exploration. Since Xxxxxxx and XxXxxxxxx introduced the concept of separation of purpose in 2001, several of its applications have been explored. However, most of the research has focused on the domestic political implications of separation of purpose. I test the political implications of separation of purpose as it relates to Russian gas bargaining with CIS importers. Some explanations of the importance of the level of domestic political unity fall under the state level of analysis. The state level of analysis argues that a different form of government may react differently to the same set of political constraints. “Its most obvious advantage is that it permits significant differentiation among our actors in the international system.”37 Defenders of the state-level analysis argue that the internal processes of a state impact international relations.
Domestic Politics. Domestic politics is also one of the challenges that affects the implementation and compliance with the Agreement. The emergence of communities that oppose climate policies is an obstacle to the implementation of climate policies in the country. For example, in 2018 there was a movement called “the Yellow Vests movement” which aimed to encourage French President Xxxxxx to abolish the fuel tax because it was considered unfavorable to the middle and lower classes.62 The interplay between a country's political conditions can easily influence the politics of other countries. Thus, the withdrawal of the United withdrawal of the United States from the Agreement has in fact significantly affected the loss of climate 62 Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx, “The ‘yellow vest’ movement explained”, xxxxxxxx.xxx, xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxx.xxx/news/2018/12/4/the-yellow-ves t-movement-explained, accessed on 1 May 2023. States from the Agreement also has the potential to encourage other countries to refrain from complying with the Agreement or even more so to withdraw from the Agreement. The domestic political policies of a country which are not in line with the provisions of the Agreement while in fact they are bound to the Agreement also pose a challenge to compliance. The problem generally arises because of the autocratization of the country. Autocratization generally arises due to weak accountability between political leaders and the public, which allows political leaders to avoid implementing ambitious emission reduction targets. This problem mostly arises in countries that have large populations and are still in the economic growth stage such as China, India and Indonesia. For example, in China, approvals for coal mining activities have increased fivefold in 2019.63 Meanwhile, Indonesia has also experienced the same thing. Although it has committed to be ambitious in using renewable energy as a mitigation effort, Indonesia still has many coal-friendly programs and policies. The Indonesian government, through Xxxx Xxxxxx'x leadership, is currently 63 Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx, “The ‘yellow vest’ movement explained”, xxxxxxxx.xxx, xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxx.xxx/news/2018/12/4/the-yellow-ves t-movement-explained, accessed on 1 May 2023. building a green industrial area and plans to use a coal-fired power plant to drive the area.64 This is indeed contrary to the contents regulated by the Paris Agreement. The Indonesian government is considered to be less ambitious in setting emission reduction targets becau...
