Dutch planning hurdles Sample Clauses

Dutch planning hurdles. The current Act on Spatial Planning of The Netherlands (Wro, short for ‘Wet ruimtelijke ordening’) took effect in 2008. This new Act was designed to solve several problems that existed through the previous Act, that took effect in 1965 and the many modifications since (Xxx Xxxxxx et al, 2008). The main element of this Act was summarized in the slogan ‘centralize what has to be centralized, decentralize what can be decentralized’ (Xxx Xxxxxx et al, 2008). Spatial planning in The Netherlands can be identified as centralized top-down planning over the years (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxxxx, 2000; Xxx Xxxxxx et al, 2008), this top-down planning has introduced many interesting and positive things, and the planning system internationally has a good reputation (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxxxx, 2000; Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxx, 2010). To quote Faludi (2005): “The Netherlands is decidedly the most planned country among the European nations. Only a few democracies of the world can match the planning apparatus of the Dutch government. Such a state of affairs is a product of circumstances created by harsh environmental constraints, a challenging history, sociocultural forces, hard economic necessities, and the size of the country”. However, not all researchers are sure whether Dutch planning deserves this reputation (Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxx, 2012). The Dutch national spatial urbanization process has been less successful than is assumed when the ambitions are compared with the practical results (Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxx, 2010). Some authors even go beyond this critique and are looking for new bottom-up instruments, structures or processes (Xxxxxxx & Xxxx, 2006; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2012; Xx Xxxx & Xxx xxx Xxxx, 2011; Xxx xxx Xxxx, 2012; Xxxxx & Xxxxxxxxx, 1999). This thesis will present a tool from a more bottom-up planning system; the Community Benefits Agreement, originating in California in the United States of America. A large system of institutions exist in Dutch planning: city district councils, non- governmental organizations, national and international inter-governmental organizations such as the association Deltametropolis, the Platform ‘Xxxxxx Heart’ or the Xxxxx-Xxxxxxx Delta partnership. This creates a lot of bureaucracy and instead of a focus on the problem, the focus is on the actors (Xxxxxxx & Spit, 2006). Furthermore, Xxxxxxx & Spit (2006) state due to constantly advancing technology (internet, globalization, communication), the government is by no means the only decisive actor as a multitude of decision arenas ar...
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