Fundamentals of Microwave Imaging Sample Clauses

Fundamentals of Microwave Imaging. ‌ We start by a review on microwave imaging (MWI) since its inception up to the most recent developments. This will introduce the reader to microwave capabilities in biomed- ical applications, and what has been done to date in this area. The motivation of this research into MWI is based on two key facts: firstly, that microwave waves are less harmful than X-rays and secondly, they could be produced at a lower cost than any other imaging system. Microwave medical imaging relies on the difference in the dielectric properties of the different human tissues. For instance, the dielectric properties (permittivity and conductivity) of the malignant tissues in breast cancer are higher than those of normal breast tissue. This difference is referred to as dielectric contrast, which can be detected by MWI methods. MWI employs energy levels that do not harm the tissues and the equipment used has lower associated costs than the currently widely used diagnostic tools, e.g. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or X-rays. Therefore, MWI has potential benefits in early-stage breast cancer detection for the screening of the population at risk. MWI systems seek to address the limitations of today’s standard imaging modalities for breast cancer detection. For instance, X-ray mammography may pose several health risks due to its delivery of ionising radiation into the breast tissues. Another drawback of mammography is the pain associated with breast compression. It also has relatively low sensitivity especially in the case of radiologically dense breast tissue [1]. In the case of ultrasound, the images contain too many artefacts and ambiguities (such as shadowing, speckle, and non-quantified contrasts). These issues often result in insufficient effective resolutions, a lack of specificity in distinguishing malignant and normal masses, and a lack of distinguishing between normal background tissue and suspected masses [1]. The main disadvantage of MRI is its operating cost. The long examination times and the use of a contrast agent (gadolinium) make it unsuitable for screening purposes. Also, access to this imaging tool is rather limited and may result in unacceptable delays in the time for testing [2]. To investigate the ability of MWI for breast cancer detection, several studies of the dielectric properties of biological tissues at microwave frequencies were carried out. The results show that the dielectric contrast between malignant and normal breast tissues is sufficient for earl...
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