Hist. 2.48. The OLD gives thirteen distinct shades of meaning for auctoritas, all incorporating concepts of esteem, prestige, authoritativeness. office, because esteem was conferred by position.210 These concepts share common ground as both denote the respect in which an individual is held by others. Their impact will be discussed further in section 3 below. Where translation is appropriate, auctoritas will be rendered as “authority” and dignitas as “status”. The cases discussed here mainly concern the elite because most of the evidence comes from literary sources written by and for the elite or their protégés.211 This means that the evidence is filtered through the perceptions of elite male authors, providing limited scope for extending the discussion to wider society. Discussion is complicated by the way that themes about offence overlap and interconnect in the primary sources. For example, satire reveals contemporary attitudes towards xxxxxxx, while the historical sources record actual exchanges – or at least claim that they do. In order to impose a coherent structure, the present chapter explores occasions when obscenities or insults might be acceptable to the elite. The following chapter will look at evidence for direct communication among the elite, and the strategies they employed for avoiding offence. It will also consider Roman attitudes to public and private communication and how those affected freedom of speech. This investigation is made possible because, just as in the modern world, when the sources criticise someone’s words or actions, they reveal their underlying attitudes about what was not acceptable. Chapters 2 and 3 form a complementary exploration of social conventions with regard to freedom of speech. This chapter begins with a brief analysis of the terms the Romans employ for discussing how freely someone may speak, libertas and licentia. It then supplies
Hist. 1.6.4 (ed. X. XXxxXxx. Berlin 1967; trans. X. X. XxXxxx. Berlin / New York 1975, slightly modified). 12 Menand. Prot. fr. 21, ed. X.X. XxxxxxXx. Liverpool 1985.
Hist. The amount that a person paid to the government as an acknowledgment for public office or a grant of public lands. N.B. N.B.abbr.[Latin nota bene] Note well; take notice — used in documents to call attention to something important. NBA NBA.abbr.NATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION. NBFI
Hist. Something that is wicked. Cf. FAS. NEFASTUS nefastus (ni-fas-t<<schwa>>s), n.[Latin ne “not” + fastus “lawful for public business”] Roman law. A day when it is unlawful to open the courts, administer justice, or hold public assemblies. • The priests in charge of supervising the laws and religious observances established an official calendar, on which certain days, marked “nefasti,” were to be devoted to religious or public ceremonies. — Also termed dies nefasti. Cf. dies fasti under DIES. NEGATE negate,vb.1. To deny. 2. To nullify; to render ineffective. NEGATIVE negative,adj.1. Of or relating to something bad; not positive <a negative attitude>.2. Of or relating to refusal of consent; not affirmative <a negative answer>.
Hist. A grandchild. 3.
Hist. A descendant.“[N]ephew... a son's or daughter's son, a grandson (also ... a granddaughter), later also a brother's or sister's son, a nephew, in general a descendant .... The application, as with all other terms denoting relationship beyond the first degree, formerly varied (‘grandson,’ ‘nephew,’ ‘cousin,’ ‘xxxxxxx,’ etc.); its final exclusive use for ‘nephew’ instead of ‘grandson’ is prob. due in part to the fact that, by reason of the great difference in age, a person has comparatively little to do with his grandsons, if he has any, while nephews are proverbially present and attentive, if their uncle is of any importance.” 5 The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia 3968 (1895). NEPOS
Hist. A nephew. • The term nepos later became xxxxx and then “nephew.” See NEPHEW.
Hist. The lower house of Parliament; the English House of Commons. • This name was given to the House of Commons in the reign of Xxxxx VIII. NET INCOME net income.See INCOME. NET INVESTMENT net investment.See INVESTMENT. NET LEASE net lease.See LEASE. NET LEVEL ANNUAL PREMIUM net level annual premium.See PREMIUM(1). NET LISTING net listing.See LISTING(1). NET LOSS net loss.See LOSS. NET NATIONAL PRODUCT net national product.The total value of goods and services produced in a country during a specific period, after deducting capital replacement costs. NET-NET-NET LEASE net-net-net lease.See LEASE. NET OPERATING INCOME net operating income.See INCOME. NET OPERATING LOSS net operating loss.See LOSS. NET POSITION
Hist. A person who suspiciously wanders about at night and who might disturb the peace. • Nightwalking was an example of a “common” offense requiring no specific facts to be asserted in the indictment. 2. A prostitute who walks the streets at night; a streetwalker. [Cases: Prostitution 1. C.J.S. Prostitution and Related Offenses §§ 2–4, 8–13, 17, 21–24.] 3. A sleepwalker. NIHIL nihil. See NIHIL EST. NIHIL CAPIAT PER BREVE nihil capiat per breve (nI-hil kap-ee-<<schwa>>t p<<schwa>>r bree-vee or breev), n.[Latin “Let him take nothing by his writ”] A judgment against the plaintiff in an action at bar or in abatement. — Also termed nihil capiat per billam (“let him take nothing by his xxxx”). NIHIL DICIT nihil dicit (nI-hil dI-sit), n.[Latin “he says nothing”] 1. The failure of a defendant to answer a lawsuit. [Cases: Judgment 106. C.J.S. Judgments § 212.] 2. See nil dicit default judgment under DEFAULT JUDGMENT. NIHIL DICIT DEFAULT JUDGMENT nihil dicit default judgment.See nil dicit default judgment under DEFAULT JUDGMENT . NIHIL EST nihil est (nI-hil est). [Latin “there is nothing”] A form of return by a sheriff or constable who was unable to serve a writ because nothing was found to levy on. — Often shortened to nihil. Cf. NULLA BONA. [Cases: Execution 334. C.J.S. Executions §§ 324–325.] NIHIL HABET nihil habet (nI-hil hay-b<<schwa>>t). [Latin “he has nothing”] A form of return by a sheriff or constable who was unable to serve a xxxxx facias or other writ on the defendant. See XXXXX FACIAS. NIHILISM
Hist. An undeliverable piece of mail created by a postal inspector for the purpose of discovering interference with mail processing and delivery. — Also termed xxx; nixey. N.L. n.l.abbr.NON LIQUET. NLRA NLRA.abbr.NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS ACT. NLRB NLRB.abbr.NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD. NMB NMB.abbr.NATIONAL MEDIATION BOARD. NMFS NMFS.abbr.NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE. NMI XXX.xxxx.Xx middle initial. NMN XXX.xxxx.Xx middle name. NOAA NOAA.abbr.NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. NO-ACTION CLAUSE no-action clause.An insurance-policy provision that bars suit against the insurer until the liability of the insured has been determined by a judgment. [Cases: Insurance 3549(4).] NO-ACTION LETTER no-action letter.A letter from the staff of a governmental agency stating that if the facts are as represented in a person's request for an agency ruling, the staff will advise the agency not to take action against the person. • Typically, a no-action letter is requested from the SEC on such matters as shareholder proposals, resales of stock, and marketing techniques. [Cases: Securities Regulation 81. C.J.S. Securities Regulation §§ 242–244.] NOACTUS REUS no actus reus (noh ak-t<<schwa>>s ree-<<schwa>>s). A plea in which a criminal defendant either denies involvement with a crime or asserts that the harm suffered is too remote from the criminal act to be imputable to the defendant. NO-ANSWER DEFAULT JUDGMENT no-answer default judgment.See DEFAULT JUDGMENT. NO ARRIVAL, NO SALE no arrival, no sale.A delivery term, included in some sales contracts, by which the seller assumes the duty to deliver the goods to a specified place, and assumes the risk of loss for the goods while they are in transit. • If the goods arrive damaged or late, the buyer can either avoid the contract or accept the goods at a discount. [Cases: Sales 201(2).] NO AWARD no xxxxx.Xx an action to enforce an award, the defendant's plea denying that an award was made. XXXXXX OFFICIUM xxxxxx officium (noh-b<<schwa>>-xxx <<schwa>>-fish-ee-<<schwa>>m), n.[Latin “noble office or privilege”] Scots law. The power of a superior court, the Court of Session, or the High Court to give equitable relief when none is possible under law. NOBILITY nobility,n. pl.1.Persons of social or political preeminence, usu. derived by inheritance or from the sovereign. • In English law, there are various degrees of nobility, or peerage, such as xxxxx, marquises, xxxxx, viscounts, and barons, and their female counterparts. ...
