Hist. The OLD gives thirteen distinct shades of meaning for auctoritas, all incorporating concepts of esteem, prestige, authoritativeness. office, because esteem was conferred by position.210 These concepts share common ground as both denote the respect in which an individual is held by others. Their impact will be discussed further in section 3 below. Where translation is appropriate, auctoritas will be rendered as “authority” and dignitas as “status”. The cases discussed here mainly concern the elite because most of the evidence comes from literary sources written by and for the elite or their protégés.211 This means that the evidence is filtered through the perceptions of elite male authors, providing limited scope for extending the discussion to wider society. Discussion is complicated by the way that themes about offence overlap and interconnect in the primary sources. For example, satire reveals contemporary attitudes towards xxxxxxx, while the historical sources record actual exchanges – or at least claim that they do. In order to impose a coherent structure, the present chapter explores occasions when obscenities or insults might be acceptable to the elite. The following chapter will look at evidence for direct communication among the elite, and the strategies they employed for avoiding offence. It will also consider Roman attitudes to public and private communication and how those affected freedom of speech. This investigation is made possible because, just as in the modern world, when the sources criticise someone’s words or actions, they reveal their underlying attitudes about what was not acceptable. Chapters 2 and 3 form a complementary exploration of social conventions with regard to freedom of speech. This chapter begins with a brief analysis of the terms the Romans employ for discussing how freely someone may speak, libertas and licentia. It then supplies
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Hist. 390, 1–374 DOI: xxx.xxx/00.0000/000.0.
Hist. 1.5, 1.75, 2.20, 4.99, 5.54, 7.77, 7.213), who is perhaps the highest authority in the Histories (see for Xxxxxxxxx’ control of his narrative by means of first person statements and prolepseis through oracles, dreams and divine signs Xx Xxxx 1999, esp. 227-228 and 230-241). 43 Their distribution of t imaiv , moreover, strongly resembles Xxxx dividing the divine t imaiv anew after his hostile takeover (see Th. 74, 426-428, 885, 904).
Hist. The amount that a person paid to the government as an acknowledgment for public office or a grant of public lands. N.B. N.B.abbr.[Latin nota bene] Note well; take notice — used in documents to call attention to something important. NBA NBA.abbr.NATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION. NBFI
Hist. Something that is wicked. Cf. FAS. NEFASTUS nefastus (ni-fas-t<<schwa>>s), n.[Latin ne “not” + fastus “lawful for public business”] Roman law. A day when it is unlawful to open the courts, administer justice, or hold public assemblies. • The priests in charge of supervising the laws and religious observances established an official calendar, on which certain days, marked “nefasti,” were to be devoted to religious or public ceremonies. — Also termed dies nefasti. Cf. dies fasti under DIES. NEGATE negate,vb.1. To deny. 2. To nullify; to render ineffective. NEGATIVE negative,adj.1. Of or relating to something bad; not positive <a negative attitude>.2. Of or relating to refusal of consent; not affirmative <a negative answer>.
Hist. A grandchild. 3.
Hist. A descendant.“[N]ephew... a son's or daughter's son, a grandson (also ... a granddaughter), later also a brother's or sister's son, a nephew, in general a descendant ..
Hist. A nephew. • The term nepos later became xxxxx and then “nephew.” See NEPHEW.
Hist. The lower house of Parliament; the English House of Commons. • This name was given to the House of Commons in the reign of Xxxxx XXXX. NET INCOME net income.See INCOME. NET INVESTMENT net investment.See INVESTMENT. NET LEASE net lease.See LEASE. NET LEVEL ANNUAL PREMIUM net level annual premium.See PREMIUM(1). NET LISTING net listing.See LISTING(1). NET LOSS net loss.See LOSS. NET NATIONAL PRODUCT net national product.The total value of goods and services produced in a country during a specific period, after deducting capital replacement costs. NET-NET-NET LEASE net-net-net lease.See LEASE. NET OPERATING INCOME net operating income.See INCOME. NET OPERATING LOSS net operating loss.See LOSS. NET POSITION
