Infant BI and anxiety Sample Clauses

Infant BI and anxiety. Model 2.1 confirmed that heightened reactivity in infancy, without the effect of regulation, was associated with higher levels of anxiety in the current cohort, consistent with the existing literature in the general population (Xxxxxxx et al., 2016; Xxxx, 2011). Especially, heightened BI at 24 months was related to heightened levels of anxiety scores at 36 months in the current cohort. This is also in line with a previous study showing that shyness in toddlerhood was significantly correlated with anxiety symptoms in a cohort of HR and LR infant siblings followed up to age 7 (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2018). Prior evidence has suggested that both children with ASD and infants with older siblings with XXX had increased negative affect, sadness, shyness and fear (e.g., Xxxxxxxx et al., 2013; Xxxxx et al., 2016) but few studies have examined associations between these temperament traits and emerging internalising problems (Xxxxxxx et al., 2016; Xx Xxxx et al., 2011; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2018). Model 2.1b (Appendix 1) assessed whether the observed associations between BI and anxiety were specific, or whether they may be extended to broader aspects of negative affect (specifically sadness). Xxxxxxx et al. (2017) argued that BI and sadness share similar behavioural or emotional reactions such as withdrawal, but the context that elicits them differs. Specifically, BI is characterised by reactions to novelty or over-arousing stimuli whereas sadness is characterised by broader reactions to goal blockage or loss without an approach/withdrawal orientation. The results showed that there was a significant concurrent association between BI and sadness at each time point and higher BI in infancy was related to increased sadness in toddlerhood (Model 2.1b). However, infant/toddler sadness was not related to anxiety outcome. Thus, the relationship between infant BI and later anxiety is relatively specific. Following Planap et al. (2017), it may be that the specificity of BI in predicting anxiety is due to infants’ intolerance of uncertainty in a novel context. Intolerance to uncertainty is the perception that an uncertain, unpredictable context is stressful and threatening, and this perception results in avoidance (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2012). As in the general population, intolerance to uncertainty appears as a mechanism that explains the variation between anxiety and ASD in children and young adults with ASD (Xxxxxxx et al., 2014). Thus, elevated worry in ambiguous or over-arousing situati...
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