Longitudinal investigations of ASD Sample Clauses

Longitudinal investigations of ASD. 1.5.1. Retrospective longitudinal studies Until the last decade, investigations into early markers of ASD in infancy and toddlerhood have involved retrospective investigations of parent reports (on initial concerns about their child) and home videos (Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2010). These studies have consistently shown that children with ASD have impairments in skills in the first and the second year of life (e.g., Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxxxxx, 2009; Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, & Xxxx, 1998; Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 2002). For example, reduced frequency of eye contact, motor atypicality, lack of response to name when being called, limited use of gestures, reduced facial expressions, were commonly noted problems. In the second year of life, difficulties around joint social activities, symbolic imitational play as well as sensory sensitivities emerge (Losche, 1990). Although the retrospective investigation has provided important information about early development in ASD, it is prone to methodological difficulties that influence the reliability of the findings (Xxxxxxxxxxx et al., 2007). Parent reports might be limited in capturing subtle behaviours and observations may not be as comprehensive as a professional view. Recall bias may also influence parental judgement when asking questions that are related to the early developmental period of the child. This may lead to distorted information due to false memory about the past or parents tending to report only the best behaviours of their child. Analysis of video recordings with systematic coding procedures may overcome these problems. However, the purposes of the video recordings would not be systematic across families and they could vary in setting, length, and quality. In addition to these limitations, this method may limit the number of questions that can be asked by the investigators due to the lack of control on choosing retrospective predictors. Thus, retrospective longitudinal investigations may limit the assessment on the timing and underlying mechanisms of ASD. In order to eliminate such drawbacks, the prospective longitudinal familial HR risk design has been introduced more recently (e.g., Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2014; Xxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 2014; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2013; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2016; Xxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2017)
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