Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample Clauses

Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4 2.2 Carcinogenesis Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.1 Armitage-Doll Multistage Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2.2 Xxxxxxxxxx-Xxxxxx-Xxxxxxx Two-stage Clonal Expansion (TSCE) Carcinogenesis Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 Age-Period-Cohort (APC) Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3.2 Identifiability Issue 10 2.3.3 Area-APC Model 11 3 Bayesian Armitage-Doll Multistage Carcinogenesis Model 14 3.1 Background 14 3.2 Significance and Innovation 17 3.3 Build the Bayesian Armitage-Doll Multistage Carcinogenesis Model 18 3.3.1 Normal Likelihood and Conjugate Prior 18 3.3.2 Poisson Likelihood and Noninformative Prior 20 3.3.3 Binomial Likelihood and Noninformative Priors 22 3.3.4 Weibull Likelihood and Noninformative Priors 23 3.3.5 Results - NIG Priors 23 3.3.6 Results - Noninformative Priors 26 3.4 Assess the Bayesian Armitage-Doll Multistage Carcinogenesis Model 27 3.4.1 Sensitivity Analysis 27 3.4.2 Model Assessment 29 3.5 Simulation 32 4 Bayesian extended Age-Period-Cohort Model 34 4.1 Background 34 4.2 Significance and Innovation 36 4.3 Apply Armitage-Doll Multistage Carcinogenesis Model into APC Model 37 4.4 Apply TSCE Carcinogenesis Model into APC Model 41 4.5 Results 42 4.5.1 Convergence Diagnostics 42 4.5.2 Model Comparison 44 4.5.3 Rate Estimation and Projection 47 5 Bayesian extended Area-Age-Period-Cohort (AAPC) Model 51 5.1 Background 51 5.2 Significance and Innovation 52 5.3 Bayesian AAPC Model 53
Sample 1
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Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Cancer is a term used for disease in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. In most cases, these cancer cells form a tumor. A benign tumor can proliferate but cannot grow into other tissues. In contrast, a malignant tumor can spread to other parts of body through the blood and lymph systems which is defined as metastasis. No matter where a cancer may spread, it is always named for the place where it started. For example, breast cancer that has spread to the liver is still called breast cancer, not liver cancer. Likewise, prostate cancer that has spread to the bone is metastatic prostate cancer, not bone cancer. The mechanism of cancer development is still unclear. However, most of cancer researchers strongly believe there are multiple events involved in carcinogenesis, the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells [Armitage and Doll, 1954, Xxxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxx, 0000, Xxxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxx, 1981, Xxxxxxxxxx and Luebeck, 1990]. Research shows that several genomic mutations occurred in the cells, such as the activation of onco- genes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which demonstrated the multistage na- ture of carcinogenesis [Xxxxxx, 1991, Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxxx, 1990]. Inheritable genetic alterations for neoplastic transformation also accounts for the carcinogenic process [Xxxxxx, 1991, Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxxx, 1990]. Three consecutive phases are assumed in the carcinogenesis: initiation, promotion and progression. The first step is cell initiation, where normal stem cells are initiated to start to divide and expand slowly so that they can form the tumor. The substances that triggers the cell initiation is called initiator, for example, radiation, chemical agents or a virus. In the promotion phase, with the help of promoter, an initiated cell can expand clonally and reproduce a population of initiated cells. A promoter is a substance that stimulates the growth of initiated cells. During tumor progression, initiated cells can convert to malignant cancer cells via additional genetic alterations. The fast growth of malignant cancer cells can outpace cell apoptosis and enable cancer cells to invade other organs (metastasis) and build up their own vessel system for nutrition (angiogenesis). Aggressive metastatic tumors can kill their hosts quickly. Stochastic models for carcinogenesis have been developed in the last 50 years to predict the risk of cancer. The process of carcinogenesis is ...
Sample 1

Related to Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

  • Inoculations The Employer agrees to pay full expenses for inoculation or immunization shots for the employee and for members of an employee’s household when such becomes necessary as a result of said employee’s exposure to contagious diseases (including AIDS, tuberculosis and hepatitis) where said officer has been exposed to said disease in the line of duty.

  • Mechanisms The Parties agree that their political dialogue shall be conducted:

  • Vaccination and Inoculation (a) The Employer agrees to take all reasonable precautions, including in-service seminars, to limit the spread of infectious diseases among employees.

  • Virus any thing or device (including any software, code, file or programme) which may: prevent, impair or otherwise adversely affect the operation of any computer software, hardware or network, any telecommunications service, equipment or network or any other service or device; prevent, impair or otherwise adversely affect access to or the operation of any programme or data, including the reliability of any programme or data (whether by re-arranging, altering or erasing the programme or data in whole or part or otherwise); or adversely affect the user experience, including worms, trojan horses, viruses and other similar things or devices.

  • Biological Samples If so specified in the Protocol, Institution and Principal Investigator may collect and provide to Sponsor or its designee Biological Samples (“Biological Samples”). 12.2.

  • Insulin Insulin will be treated as a prescription drug subject to a separate copay for each type prescribed.

  • Unbundled Channelization (Multiplexing) 5.7.1 To the extent NewPhone is purchasing DS1 or DS3 or STS-1 Dedicated Transport pursuant to this Agreement, Unbundled Channelization (UC) provides the optional multiplexing capability that will allow a DS1 (1.544 Mbps) or DS3 (44.736 Mbps) or STS-1 (51.84 Mbps) Network Elements to be multiplexed or channelized at a BellSouth central office. Channelization can be accomplished through the use of a multiplexer or a digital cross-connect system at the discretion of BellSouth. Once UC has been installed, NewPhone may request channel activation on a channelized facility and BellSouth shall connect the requested facilities via COCIs. The COCI must be compatible with the lower capacity facility and ordered with the lower capacity facility. This service is available as defined in NECA 4.

  • MOLD AND MILDEW Resident acknowledges that it is necessary for Resident to provide appropriate climate control, keep the Apartment clean, and take other measures to retard and prevent mold and mildew from accumulating in the Apartment. Resident agrees to clean and dust the Apartment on a regular basis and to remove visible moisture accumulation on windows, walls and other surfaces as soon as reasonably possible. Resident further agrees not to block or cover any of the heating, ventilation or air-conditioning ducts in the Unit. Resident agrees to immediately report to the management office: (i) any evidence of a water leak or excessive moisture in the Apartment, as well as in any storage room, garage or other common area; (ii) any evidence of mold- or mildew-like growth that cannot be removed by simply applying a common household cleaner and wiping the area; (iii) any failure or malfunction in the heating, ventilation, air conditioning systems or laundry systems in the Apartment; and (iv) any inoperable doors or windows. Resident further agrees that Resident shall be responsible for damage to the Premises and Resident’s property as well as injury to Resident, Authorized Occupants, Resident’s family member(s), and guests resulting from Resident’s failure to comply with the terms of this Section.

  • Preventive Drugs When purchased at any pharmacy: Must be prescribed by a physician. See Prescription Drug section for details. $0 Not Covered

  • Diagnostic procedures to aid the Provider in determining required dental treatment.

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