Metabolic syndrome and depression Sample Clauses

Metabolic syndrome and depression. Research into the association between metabolic syndrome and depression is rooted in the established finding of high comorbidity between CVD and depression (Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxx-Xxxxxx, 2004; Fielding, 1991). This association is believed to be bidirectional, with cohort studies demonstrating a positive association between depressive symptomatology and CVD mortality (Xxxxxx et al., 2005), as well as the elevated prevalence of depression in CVD patients (Xxxxxxxx, 1991; Xxxxxxx & Xxxx, 2013). Metabolic syndrome, amongst other processes, such as inflammation, HPA axis hyperactivity, health behaviours, and platelet hyperactivity, is argued to be a key pathophysiological factor linking depression to adverse cardio-metabolic outcomes (Celano & Xxxxxxx, 2011; Xxxxxxx, 2013; Xxxxxxx & Xxxx, 2013). Indeed, in a cross-sectional study in Australia involving 1,690 participants, Xxxxxx and colleagues (2008) observed that individuals diagnosed with metabolic syndrome had significantly greater depressive psychopathology. Moreover, in a subgroup of diabetes-free individuals, this association remained. Furthermore, low HDL-C levels and large waist circumferences (WCs) showed significant independent associations with depression. In a US sample of over 6,000 CVD and diabetes-free adult men and women, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly elevated amongst women with a history of depression. This effect remained when controlling for age, education, smoking, physical inactivity, carbohydrate consumption, and alcohol use. No effect was observed in men, however (Kinder, Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxxxx, Xxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 2004). In a recent systematic review involving over 40 cross- sectional and cohort studies, support for bi-directional effects between the metabolic syndrome and depression were observed, with the majority of studies reporting depression as the outcome, whereby effect sizes ranged between 1.07 - 1.91 odds ratio (Pan et al., 2012). Furthermore, a meta-analysis into the relationship specifically between obesity and depression revealed reciprocal links (Xxxxxxx et al., 2010).
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