Employee Notification A copy of any disciplinary action or material related to employee performance which is placed in the personnel file shall be provided to the employee (the employee so noting receipt, or the supervisor noting employee refusal to acknowledge receipt) or sent by certified mail (return receipt requested) to the employee's last address appearing on the Employer's records.
Non-Competition Period The "non-competition period" shall begin on January 1, 2017 and shall end twelve (12) months after the Employee's termination of employment; provided, however, that the "non-competition period" shall end on the date Employee's employment ends in the event of Employee's termination for "good reason" (as defined in paragraph 6(d)), or Employee's termination without "cause" (as defined in paragraph 3(d)).
Non-Compete Agreement In consideration of this Agreement, the Executive agrees that he will not, for a period of one year from the date of his or her termination of employment with the Company, directly or indirectly own, manage, operate, join, control, be employed by, or participate in the ownership, management, operation or control of, or be connected in any manner, including but not limited to, holding the position of shareholder, director, officer, consultant, independent contractor, executive partner, or investor with any "Competing Enterprise." For purposes of this paragraph, a "Competing Enterprise" means any entity, firm or person engaged in a business within the State of Wisconsin or the upper peninsula area of the State of Michigan (the "Territory") which is in competition with any of the businesses of the Company or any of its subsidiaries within the Territory as of the date the Executive's termination of employment, and whose aggregate gross revenues, calculated for the most recently completed fiscal year of the Competing Enterprise, derived from all such competing activities within the Territory during such fiscal year, equal at least 10% or more of such Enterprise's consolidated net revenues for such fiscal year. If the Executive notifies the Company in writing of any employment or opportunity which the Executive proposes to undertake during the one year non-compete period, and supplies the Company with any additional information which the Company may reasonably request, the Company agrees to promptly notify the Executive within thirty days after all information reasonably requested by it has been provided, whether the Company considers the proposed employment or opportunity to be prohibited by these provisions and, if so, whether the Company is willing to waive the same. Notwithstanding anything in this Section 10, the Executive shall not be prohibited from acquiring or holding up to 2% of the common stock of an entity that is traded on a national securities exchange or a nationally recognized over-the-counter market.
Non-Competition a. Executive acknowledges and recognizes the highly competitive nature of the businesses of the Company and its affiliates and accordingly agrees as follows:
(1) During the Employment Term and for a period of nine months following the date Executive ceases to be employed by the Company for any reason (the “Restricted Period”), Executive will not, whether on Executive’s own behalf or on behalf of or in conjunction with any person, firm, partnership, joint venture, association, corporation or other business organization, entity or enterprise whatsoever (“Person”), directly or indirectly solicit or assist in soliciting in competition with the Company, the business of any customer of the Company or prospective customer of the Company:
(i) with whom Executive had personal contact or dealings on behalf of the Company during the one year period preceding Executive’s termination of employment;
(ii) with whom employees reporting to Executive have had personal contact or dealings on behalf of the Company during the one year immediately preceding Executive’s termination of employment; or
(iii) for whom Executive had direct or indirect responsibility during the one year immediately preceding Executive’s termination of employment.
(2) During the Restricted Period, Executive will not directly or indirectly:
(i) engage in any coal-related business that competes with the business of the Company or its affiliates (including, without limitation, businesses which the Company or its affiliates have specific plans to conduct in the future and as to which Executive is aware of such planning) in the United States (a “Competitive Business”);
(ii) enter the employ of, or render any services to, any Person (or any division or controlled or controlling affiliate of any Person) who or which engages in a Competitive Business;
(iii) acquire a financial interest in, or otherwise become actively involved with, any Competitive Business, directly or indirectly, as an individual, partner, shareholder, officer, director, principal, agent, trustee or consultant;
(iv) interfere with, or attempt to interfere with, business relationships (whether formed before, on or after the date of this Agreement) between the Company or any of its affiliates and customers, clients, suppliers partners, members or investors of the Company or its affiliates, or
(v) disparage the Company or any of its stockholders, directors, officers, employees or agents.
(3) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this Agreement, Executive may, directly or indirectly own, solely as an investment, securities of any Person engaged in the business of the Company or its affiliates which are publicly traded on a national or regional stock exchange or on the over-the-counter market if Executive (i) is not a controlling person of, or a member of a group which controls, such person and (ii) does not, directly or indirectly, own 5% or more of any class of securities of such Person.
(4) During the Employment Term and, for a period of two years following the date Executive ceases to be employed by the Company, Executive will not, whether on Executive’s own behalf or on behalf of or in conjunction with any Person, directly or indirectly:
(i) solicit or encourage any employee of the Company or its affiliates to leave the employment of the Company or its affiliates; or
(ii) hire any such employee who was employed by the Company or its affiliates as of the date of Executive’s termination of employment with the Company or who left the employment of the Company or its affiliates coincident with, or within one year prior to or after, the termination of Executive’s employment with the Company.
(5) During the Restricted Period, Executive will not, directly or indirectly, solicit or encourage to cease to work with the Company or its affiliates any consultant then under contract with the Company or its affiliates.
b. It is expressly understood and agreed that although Executive and the Company consider the restrictions contained in this Section 8 to be reasonable, if a final judicial determination is made by a court of competent jurisdiction that the time or territory or any other restriction contained in this Agreement is an unenforceable restriction against Executive, the provisions of this Agreement shall not be rendered void but shall be deemed amended to apply as to such maximum time and territory and to such maximum extent as such court may judicially determine or indicate to be enforceable. Alternatively, if any court of competent jurisdiction finds that any restriction contained in this Agreement is unenforceable, and such restriction cannot be amended so as to make it enforceable, such finding shall not affect the enforceability of any of the other restrictions contained herein.
Non-Compete, Non-Solicitation (a) In further consideration of the compensation to be paid to Executive hereunder, Executive acknowledges that in the course of his employment with the Company he has and shall become familiar with the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ trade secrets and with other Confidential Information and that his services shall be of special, unique and extraordinary value to the Company and its subsidiaries. Therefore, Executive has agreed that during the Employment Period and continuing for the later of (i) twelve (12) months after termination of the Employment Period and (ii) the period during which the Severance Payment, if any, is being paid pursuant to Section 2D(b) (the “Noncompete Period”), to not directly or indirectly own any interest in, manage, control, participate in, consult with, advise, render services for, or in any manner engage in the business of owning, operating, managing, any business that is competitive with the business which the Company or its subsidiaries conducts at the time the Employment Period is terminated. Nothing herein shall prohibit Executive from being a passive owner of not more than two percent (2%) of the outstanding stock of any class of a corporation which is publicly traded, so long as Executive has no active participation in the business of such corporation.
(b) During the Employment Period and continuing for the later of (i) twenty-four (24) months after termination of the Employment Period and (ii) the period during which the Severance Payment, if any, is being paid pursuant to Section 2D(b) (the “Nonsolicitation Period”), Executive shall not directly or indirectly through another entity (i) induce or attempt to induce any employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries to leave the employ of the Company or such subsidiary, (ii) hire any person who was an employee of the Company or any of its subsidiaries at any time during the twelve- (12) month period preceding such hiring; or (iii) induce or attempt to induce any material customer, supplier, licensee, licensor or other business relation of the Company, its subsidiaries to cease doing business with the Company or such subsidiary, other than in connection with ordinary course post-termination competitive activities undertaken as permitted in Section 3C(a).
Non-Compete/Non-Solicit Except as described in the Registration Statement, the Statutory Prospectus and the Prospectus, to the Company’s knowledge, none of the Sponsor, officers, directors or director nominees of the Company is subject to a non-competition agreement or non-solicitation agreement with any employer or prior employer that could materially affect its, his or her ability to be and act in the capacity of shareholder, officer or director of the Company, as applicable.
Non-Compete (a) Seller acknowledges that it is familiar with the trade secrets related to the Business and with other confidential and proprietary information concerning the Business. Seller acknowledges and agrees that the Business would be irreparably damaged if Seller were to violate the provisions of this Section 5.14(a). Seller further acknowledges and agrees that the covenants and agreements set forth in this Section 5.14(a) were a material inducement to Purchaser to enter into this Agreement and to perform its obligations hereunder, and that Purchaser would not obtain the benefit of the bargain set forth in this Agreement if Seller were to breach the provisions of this Section 5.14(a). Therefore, in further consideration for the payment of the Purchase Price hereunder, and in order to protect the value of the Business acquired by Purchaser hereunder (including the goodwill inherent in the Business), during the Restricted Period, Seller will not, and will cause each of its Subsidiaries not to, directly or indirectly, for its own account or on behalf of or together with any other Person, engage in, participate in, own, manage, control or participate in the ownership, management or control of a Person engaged in (i) the development, manufacture, marketing or sale of Covered Products, or (ii) the sale of spare parts for the provision of repair or maintenance services with respect to equipment constituting Covered Products, in each case, except to the extent permitted under the Seller Allowed Field (collectively, such categories of activity, the “Seller Excluded Fields”).
(b) Notwithstanding Section 5.14(a) above, nothing in this Agreement shall restrict Seller or any of its Subsidiaries from (collectively, the categories of activity below, the “Seller Allowed Fields”):
(i) developing, manufacturing, marketing or selling any products other than Covered Products or spare parts for or the provision of repair or maintenance services with respect to equipment constituting Covered Products, including developing, manufacturing, marketing and selling any products primarily relating to printing by offset, inkjet, electro photographic, and gravure processes;
(ii) developing any CtP Device or enhancements thereto or modifications thereof that may be useful in imaging any Thermally Imageable Film but are not developed for the purpose of creating such utility or manufacturing, marketing or selling such CtP Device or a CtP Device so enhanced or modified;
(iii) developing or manufacturing a Functional Printing-Related Product; provided, so long as the AM3D Supply Agreement is in effect the foregoing exception for manufacturing shall not permit production scale manufacturing of Thermally Imageable Films or Flexographic Plates being supplied under the AM3D Supply Agreement;
(iv) the internal use of a Covered Product by Seller or its Subsidiary;
(v) marketing or selling any Functional Printing-Related Product to any current or potential, or future, Functional Printing Customer or marketing any Covered Product to any potential Functional Printing Customer (with sales of any Covered Products that are not Functional Printing-Related Products to be sold to Functional Printing Customers by a Person other than Seller or its Subsidiaries);
(vi) the sale of spare parts for the provision of repair or maintenance services with respect to equipment constituting Covered Products to the extent then permitted to be sold pursuant to clause (v) and provided that Covered Products that are not Functional Printing-Related Products are to be sold exclusively by Purchaser;
(vii) licensing, transferring, or selling or otherwise monetizing in any manner, directly or indirectly, any Intellectual Property that is owned by Seller or licensed to Seller by any Third Party, excluding any Intellectual Property licensed by or to Seller or any of its Subsidiaries (or any assignee or successor) under any Closing Agreement;
(viii) performing their respective binding obligations under this Agreement and/or the Closing Agreements;
(ix) owning five percent (5%) or less of the outstanding equity securities of any class of any issuer whose securities are listed and traded on a nationally recognized securities exchange or market (whether or not in the United States of America) provided that such ownership is passive;
(x) owning, affiliating with, or conducting any activity with respect to, a Person that engages, either directly or indirectly, in any activity prohibited by this Section 5.14 (any such Person, together with all of its Affiliates, a “Competing Person” and any such business that engages in such activity, a “Competing Business”) that is the result of: (A) a Business Combination involving one or more of Seller or any of its Subsidiaries and any Competing Person, or (B) the acquisition of any Competing Person or any securities in any Competing Person by Seller or any of its Subsidiaries, if, in the case of either (A) or (B), no more than (x) ten percent (10%) of the total annual consolidated revenues or EBITDA of such Competing Person and (y) $100,000,000 of the total annual consolidated revenues or $25,000,000 of annual EBITDA of such Competing Person, taken as a whole, and prior to any Business Combination with Seller or any of its Subsidiaries, are generated from the Competing Business; provided, however, that Seller and its Subsidiaries may proceed with any such ownership, affiliation, or conduct notwithstanding such Competing Business being in excess of the aforementioned thresholds, if, and only if, Seller and the applicable Subsidiaries or the Competing Person, as applicable, (A) enter into a definitive agreement no later than twelve (12) months after the consummation of such ownership, affiliation or conduct to divest a sufficient portion of such Competing Business or (B) wind down, no later than twelve (12) months after the consummation of such acquisition, a sufficient portion of such Competing Business, such that, after giving effect to such divestiture or wind down, no more than (x) ten percent (10%) of the total annual consolidated revenues or annual EBITDA of such Competing Person and (y) $100,000,000 of the total annual consolidated revenues or $25,000,000 of annual EBITDA of such Competing Person, taken as a whole, are generated from the Competing Business; or
(xi) acquiring a Competing Person or more than five percent (5%) of the outstanding equity securities of any class of any Competing Person that generates more than (x) ten percent (10%) of the total annual consolidated revenues or EBITDA of such Competing Person, or (y) $100,000,000 of the total annual consolidated revenues or $25,000,000 of annual EBITDA of such Competing Person, taken as a whole, from the Competing Business; provided, however, that the Restricted Parties may proceed with any such acquisition notwithstanding such Competing Business being in excess of the aforementioned thresholds, if, and only if, Seller and the applicable Subsidiaries (A) enter into a definitive agreement no later than twelve (12) months after the consummation of such acquisition to divest a sufficient portion of such Competing Business or (B) wind down, no later than twelve (12) months after the consummation of such acquisition, a sufficient portion of such Competing Business, such that, after giving effect to such divestiture or wind down, no more than (x) ten percent (10%) of the total annual consolidated revenues or annual EBITDA of such Competing Person and (y) no more than $100,000,000 of the total annual consolidated revenues or $25,000,000 of annual EBITDA of such Competing Person, taken as a whole, are generated from the Competing Business.
(c) If Seller or any of its Subsidiaries is involved in a Business Combination where neither Seller nor any of its Subsidiaries prior to the Business Combination is the Controlling Entity after the Business Combination, the restrictions contained in this Section 5.14 shall not apply to the operations or businesses of any third party(ies) to the Business Combination or any of such third party’s Subsidiaries which were Subsidiaries of such third party prior to the Business Combination, in each case, as conducted prior to the consummation of the Business Combination, but shall only apply to the operations of Seller or its Subsidiaries or, if the operations of Seller or any of its Subsidiaries is integrated or consolidated with any other business of such third party of any of its Subsidiaries, the resulting business after such integration or consolidation. Seller shall be the “Controlling Entity” if (1) through a Business Combination Seller or any of its Subsidiaries controls more than fifty percent (50%) of the stock, board seats, or voting rights of another entity, (2) a majority of the directors of the surviving entity following a Business Combination are individuals who served on the board of directors of Seller immediately prior to the consummation of such Business Combination or (3) the holders of a majority of the outstanding equity interests of the surviving entity following a Business Combination were holders of equity interests of Seller immediately prior to the consummation of such Business Combination.
(d) Seller agrees that this Section 5.14 (including the provisions relating to duration, geographical area and scope) is reasonable and necessary to protect and preserve Purchaser’s and the Business’ legitimate business interests and the value of the Business, and to prevent an unfair advantage from being conferred on Seller. If any provision of this Section 5.14 would be held to be excessively broad as to duration, geographical area, scope, activity or subject, for any reason, such provision shall be modified, by limiting and reducing it, so as to be enforceable to the extent permitted by applicable Law.
Non-Competition; Non-Solicitation (a) In consideration of this Agreement, the Executive agrees that, for the period ending one year after the termination of the Executive's employment with the Company by the Company for Cause or by the Executive without Good Reason (the "Non-Competition Period"), the Executive will not, directly or indirectly (whether as a sole proprietor, partner or venturer, stockholder, director, officer, employee, consultant or in any other capacity as principal or agent or through any Person, subsidiary or employee acting as nominee or agent):
(i) conduct or engage in or be interested in or associated with any Person which conducts or engages in the Triarco Business within the United States;
(ii) take any action, directly or indirectly, to finance, guarantee or provide any other material assistance to any Person engaged in the Triarco Business;
(iii) solicit, contact or accept business of any client or counterparty whom the Company served or conducted business with or whose name became known to the Executive as a potential client or counterparty while in the employ of the Company or during the Non-Competition Period; or
(iv) influence or attempt to influence any Person that is a contracting party with the Company at any time during the Non-Competition Period to terminate any written or oral agreement with the Company.
(b) The Executive shall neither, either on the Executive's own account or in conjunction with or on behalf of any other Person, solicit or entice away from the Company any officer, employee or customer of the Company during the term hereof or the Non-Competition Period nor engage, hire, employ, or induce the employment of any such Person whether or not such officer, employee or customer would commit a breach of contract by reason of leaving service or transferring business.
(c) The restrictive provisions hereof shall not prohibit the Executive from (i) having an equity interest in the securities of any entity engaged in the Triarco Business or any business with respect to which the Executive obtained confidential or proprietary data or information, which entity's securities are listed on a nationally-recognized securities exchange or quotation system or traded in the over-the-counter market, to the extent that such interest does not exceed 5% of the outstanding equity interests of such entity, (ii) investing as a passive investor in an entity engaging in the Triarco Business that is not so listed or traded, so long as such interest does not exceed 5% of the outstanding equity interests of such entity or (iii) with the prior written consent of the Company, serving as a director or other advisor to any other Person.
(d) The Executive agrees that the covenants contained in this Section 10 are reasonable covenants under the circumstances, and further agrees that if in the opinion of a court of competent jurisdiction, such restraint is not reasonable in any respect, such court shall have the right, power and authority to excise or modify such provision or provisions of these covenants which as to such court shall appear not reasonable and to enforce the remainder thereof as so amended.
Non-Competition; Non-Solicitation; Confidentiality (a) For a period from the Closing Date until the fifth (5th) anniversary of the Closing Date, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries shall, directly or indirectly, own, manage, operate, control or participate in the ownership, management, operation or control of any business, whether in corporate, proprietorship or partnership form or otherwise, engaged in the Business or that otherwise competes with the Business (a “Restricted Business”). The parties hereto specifically acknowledge and agree that the remedy at law for any breach of the foregoing will be inadequate and that Newco, in addition to any other relief available to it, shall be entitled to temporary and permanent injunctive relief without the necessity of proving actual damage or posting any bond whatsoever.
(b) For a period from the Closing Date to the fifth (5th) anniversary of the Closing Date, neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries shall: (i) cause, solicit, induce or encourage any Employees of the Company to leave such employment or hire, employ or otherwise engage any such individual; or (ii) cause, induce or encourage any material actual or prospective client, customer, supplier or licensor of the Business (including any existing or former customer of the Company and any Person that becomes a client or customer of the Business after the Closing) or any other Person who has a material business relationship with the Business, to terminate or modify any such actual or prospective relationship.
(c) The covenants and undertakings contained in this Section 6.7 relate to matters which are of a special, unique and extraordinary character and a violation of any of the terms of this Section 6.7 will cause irreparable injury to Newco, the amount of which will be impossible to estimate or determine and which cannot be adequately compensated. Accordingly, the remedy at law for any breach of this Section 6.7 will be inadequate. Therefore, Newco will be entitled to an injunction, restraining order or other equitable relief from any court of competent jurisdiction in the event of any breach of this Section 6.7. The rights and remedies provided by this Section 6.7 are cumulative and in addition to any other rights and remedies which Newco may have hereunder or at law or in equity.
(d) The parties hereto agree that, if any court of competent jurisdiction in a final nonappealable judgment determines that a specified time period, a specified geographical area, a specified business limitation or any other relevant feature of this Section 6.7 is unreasonable, arbitrary or against public policy, then a lesser time period, geographical area, business limitation or other relevant feature which is determined by such court to be reasonable, not arbitrary and not against public policy may be enforced against the applicable party.
(e) The Company shall use its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain the agreement of the Subsidiaries of the Company to the provisions of this Section 6.7 in form and content reasonably satisfactory to Newco.
Non-Competition Agreement (a) Executive shall not, during the term of his employment hereunder, be engaged in any other business activity pursued for gain, profit or other pecuniary advantage if such activity interferes in any material respect with Executive's duties and responsibilities hereunder. The foregoing limitations shall not be construed as prohibiting Executive from making personal investments in such form or manner as will neither require his services in the operation or affairs of the companies or enterprises in which such investments are made nor violate the terms of this paragraph 3. In addition, Executive shall not, during the period of his employment by or with the Company, and for a period of two (2) years immediately following the termination of his employment under this Agreement, for any reason whatsoever, other than a termination by the Company without cause or by Executive for Good Reason, directly or indirectly, for himself or on behalf of or in conjunction with any other person, company, partnership, corporation or business of whatever nature:
(i) engage, as an officer, director, shareholder, owner, partner, joint venturer, or in a managerial capacity, whether as an employee, independent contractor, consultant or advisor, or as a sales representative, in any business in direct competition with the Company or Metals, within 200 miles of where the Company or any of Metals' subsidiaries conducts business, including any territory serviced by the Company or Metals or any of such subsidiaries (the "Territory");
(ii) call upon any person who is, at that time, within the Territory, an employee of the Company or Metals (including the respective subsidiaries thereof) in a managerial capacity for the purpose or with the intent of enticing such employee away from or out of the employ of the Company or Metals (including the respective subsidiaries thereof);
(iii) call upon any person or entity which is, at that time, or which has been, within one (1) year prior to that time, a customer of the Company or Metals (including the respective subsidiaries thereof) within the Territory for the purpose of soliciting or selling products or services in direct competition with the Company or Metals within the Territory;
(iv) call upon any prospective acquisition candidate, on Executive's own behalf or on behalf of any competitor, which candidate was, to Executive's actual knowledge after due inquiry, either called upon by the Company or Metals (including the respective subsidiaries thereof) or for which the Company or Metals made an acquisition analysis, for the purpose of acquiring such entity. Notwithstanding the above, the foregoing covenant shall not be deemed to prohibit Executive from acquiring as an investment not more than one percent (1%) of the capital stock of a competing business, whose stock is traded on a national securities exchange or on an over-the-counter or similar market.
(b) Because of the difficulty of measuring economic losses to the Company and Metals as a result of a breach of the foregoing covenant, and because of the immediate and irreparable damage that could be caused to the Company and Metals for which they would have no other adequate remedy, Executive agrees that the foregoing covenant may be enforced by Metals or the Company in the event of breach by him, by injunctions and restraining orders.
(c) It is agreed by the parties that the foregoing covenants in this paragraph 3 impose a reasonable restraint on Executive in light of the activities and business of the Company or Metals, as the case may be (including Metals' other subsidiaries) on the date of the execution of this Agreement and the current plans of Metals (including Metals' other subsidiaries); but it is also the intent of the Company and Executive that such covenants be construed and enforced in accordance with the changing activities, business and locations of the Company and Metals, as the case may be (including Metals' other subsidiaries) throughout the term of this covenant, whether before or after the date of termination of the employment of Executive. For example, if, during the term of this Agreement, the Company or Metals, as the case may be (including Metals' other subsidiaries) engages in new and different activities, enters a new business or establishes new locations for its current activities or business in addition to or other than the activities or business enumerated under the Recitals above or the locations currently established therefor, then Executive will be precluded from soliciting the customers or employees of such new activities or business or from such new location and from directly competing with such new business within 200 miles of its then-established operating location(s) through the term of this covenant. It is further agreed by the parties hereto that, in the event that Executive shall cease to be employed hereunder, and shall enter into a business or pursue other activities not in competition with the Company or Metals (including Metals' other subsidiaries), or similar activities or business in locations the operation of which, under such circumstances, does not violate clause (i) of this paragraph 3, and in any event such new business, activities or location are not in violation of this paragraph 3 or of Executive's obligations under this paragraph 3, if any, Executive shall not be chargeable with a violation of this paragraph 3 if the Company or Metals (including Metals' other subsidiaries) shall thereafter enter the same, similar or a competitive (i) business, (ii) course of activities or (iii) location, as applicable.
(d) The covenants in this paragraph 3 are severable and separate, and the unenforceability of any specific covenant shall not affect the provisions of any other covenant. Moreover, in the event any court of competent jurisdiction shall determine that the scope, time or territorial restrictions set forth are unreasonable, then it is the intention of the parties that such restrictions be enforced to the fullest extent which the court deems reasonable, and the Agreement shall thereby be reformed.
(e) All of the covenants in this paragraph 3 shall be construed as an agreement independent of any other provision in this Agreement, and the existence of any claim or cause of action of Executive against the Company or Metals, whether predicated on this Agreement or otherwise, shall not constitute a defense to the enforcement by Metals or the Company of such covenants. It is specifically agreed that the period of two (2) years following termination of employment stated at the beginning of this paragraph 3, during which the agreements and covenants of Executive made in this paragraph 3 shall be effective, shall be computed by excluding from such computation any time during which Executive is in violation of any provision of this paragraph 3.
