Ontology-driven Semantic Systems Sample Clauses

Ontology-driven Semantic Systems. Apart from the simple resolution systems and the highly distributed systems (DHTs), we found another tendency to define a discovery mechanism based on semantically linked data and thus driven by ontologies and vocabularies. Such systems provide a powerful mechanism to store and query complex information and are typically based on RDF and SPARQL for the task. The Resource Description Framework (RDF) [42] is a family of W3C specifications that are used as a general method for conceptual definition of modeling of information that is typically implemented in web resources through a variety of syntax formats. The basement of RDF consists of the relation between a subject, a predicate, and an object. This is called “triple”. Therefore, in order to define a resource, we need to define as many triples as necessary, using the resource as subject, the metadata type as predicate, and the metadata value as object. On the other hand, SPARQL [43] is currently the most common query language applied to RDF data sources. It is able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in RDF in terms of triple patterns, conjunctions, disjunctions, and optional patterns. Its syntax is similar to SQL, and SPARQL queries may be translated to SQL, but it is specifically defined for the RDF information structure. The most sophisticated and semantically richest language version in this family is the Web Ontology Language (OWL) [44]. OWL is based on RDF and RDFS (RDF-Schema) and was designed to realize complex domain descriptions that are based on a common logic. As such, the OWL language enables the profound and formal description of domain knowledge. The OWL language comes in different forms with OWL based on Description Logics (DL) [45] being the most popular manifestation. The limitation of OWL to DL restricts it to a decidable fragment of first-order logic and as such facilitates logical reasoning over explicitly modeled facts with the help of dedicated DL-reasoning software, for instance Pellet [46]. This mechanism on one side allows to determine the consistency of the represented information while, on the other side, the inference of new facts in the OWL ontology becomes possible. These frameworks and systems emerged from the Semantic Web and Linked Data initiatives, but the concepts can also be applied to global resource and service discovery. Below we describe some examples.
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