Portability between classes of parallel processors Sample Clauses

Portability between classes of parallel processors. The broad classes of programming models are MPMD and SPMD. These models map directly onto the underlying hardware architecture, so in general an SPMD programming model must be used when programming an SPMD processor, and an MPMD programming model when programming an MPMD processor. A machine optimized for SPMD programs cannot generally run MPMD programs in a meaningful way, but the reverse is not true: a machine designed for MPMD programs can be instructed to run the same program on several processing elements at once, making it compatible with SPMD programming models. However, SPMD models do not allow the full flexibility of MPMD processors to be exploited. Parallel models on serial processors OpenMP and OpenACC can both be used to create programs portable onto serial processors: their use of pragmas in C or special comments in FORTRAN allows non-compliant compilers to ignore the directives and compile a serial program. However, both models also include explicit API calls which would cause incompatibility with a non-compliant compiler. To avoid problems in this area, preprocessor macros are defined by compliant compilers. OpenACC or OpenMP dependent code can then be guarded by checks for these macros. Therefore maintaining full compatibility with non-compliant compilers is possible but requires some care on the part of the programmer. In other cases, a serial machine might be treated as a special case of an MPMD machine with only one concurrent thread. pthreads and OpenMP can both be used on serial systems although no performance benefit will be realized (and in fact performance may suffer due to thread switching overheads). This can sometimes be useful where each thread has a distinct self-contained task; the multi-threaded program can be easier for a programmer to reason about and work with than a single-threaded program where the various tasks are intermingled. This benefit needs to be balanced against the need to manage inter-thread communication and synchronization in the multi-threaded program. The SPMD-oriented models may provide compatibility with serial processors as a side effect of supporting MPMD processors, which is described below. MPMD models on SPMD processors As described above, the MPMD-optimized models (e.g. pthreads and OpenMP) do not offer any portability to SPMD processors. However, as an OpenMP program can be derived from a purely serial program very easily with a small number of pragmas, it may be possible to port such a program to...
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