Posttraumatic stress symptoms Sample Clauses

Posttraumatic stress symptoms. Posttraumatic stress symptoms are varied and can include intrusive re-experiencing aspects of the traumatic event, avoidance of reminders of the event or a numbing of emotions, and hypervigilance or increased physiological arousal. In order to meet the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), an identifiable stressor that is potentially life-threatening needs to be defined and the content of the symptoms should refer the stressor (Breslau, Chase, & Xxxxxxx, 2002). According to DSM-IV-TR, an individual must have experienced an event in which both of the following are present: 1) the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatening death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others; 2) the person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror (Criteria A). Posttraumatic stress symptoms on their own, without being connected to a stressor, would not meet criteria for a PTSD diagnosis and instead may be indicative of other emotional disorders, such as anxiety or depression, which can overlap with PTSD (Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxxx, 1997). Although the DSM-IV indicates that significant others can also be significantly affected by a traumatic event that they witness or learn of, PTSD diagnostic criterion has been criticised for being too restrictive (Power & Xxxxxxxxx, 1997) and for failing to acknowledge the psychological impact of interpersonal trauma such as childhood abuse (Xxxxx, 2001) or psychosis (Shaw, XxXxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 1997). If we consider caregiving relationships, it is possible that the current operational definitions of PTSD in DSM-IV will also fail to capture potentially traumatic stressors that are commonly experienced by carers of people with psychosis. It could be argued, for example, that non-life threatening, objective events such as police involvement in the pathway to treatment, compulsory detainment under the Mental Health Act (1983), and psychotic behaviour in a loved relative, may be related to posttraumatic stress symptoms observed in people who care for someone with psychosis. Genuine traumatic symptoms may be missed and theoretical developments restricted, if research adheres rigidly to current criterion (Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxx, 2004). There are several reports of people exhibiting full PTSD symptoms, without the direct experience of acute precipitating t...
Sample 1
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Posttraumatic stress symptoms. Posttraumatic stress total scores for the Impact of Events Scale – Revised (IES-R; Xxxxx & Xxxxxx, 1997) ranged within the sample from 0 to 3.05 (M = 1.32, SD = .87). Almost half (n = 14, 44%) had a total score greater than 1.5 on the IES-R. The IES-R correlates highly with the PTSD checklist (PCL), suggesting that scores >1.5 provide optimum diagnostic accuracy against the PCL (Xxxxxxx et al., 2003). Table 4 presents mean scores for IES-R total and subscale scores. According to the SCID interview, one participant (3%) met full diagnostic criteria for PTSD in response to an event related to their caring role. Table 4 Mean Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) total and subscale scores for carers (N=32) IES-R Subscale Scores M SD Avoidance 1.48 .96 Hyperarousal 1.26 1.00 Intrusion 1.23 .84 IES-R Total 1.33 0.88 Approximately half of the carers completed the IES-R in relation to a specific traumatic event related to the caring role (n = 15, 47%). Despite experiencing stressful life events related to the caring role, the remainder of carers (n = 17, 53%) completed the IES-R in relation to the caring role in general because one specific event could not be identified as the most upsetting or traumatic. A Xxxx-Xxxxxxx U test was conducted to compare posttraumatic stress symptom scores (as measured by the IES-R) for these two groups (i.e., those who rated the IES-R in relation to the caring role in general and those that rated it in relation to a specific event associate with their caring role). No significant difference was found in posttraumatic stress symptoms (IES-R total score) of those participants who rated the IES-R in relation to the caring role in general (Md = 1.14; n = 17) and those who rated the IES-R in relation to a specific event associated with the caring role (Md = 1.36; n = 15, U = 103, z = -.93, p = .36, r = 0.17. Xxxx-Xxxxxxx U tests were also used to compare the two groups of carers on all other measures. The only significant difference between the two groups was on a measure of anxiety (HADS). A Xxxx-Xxxxxxx U Test revealed a significant difference in anxiety level (as rated by the HADS) of carers who completed the IES-R in relation to the caring role in general (Md = 7, n = 16) and those who rated the IES-R in relation to a specific event (Md = 10, n = 15), U = 64.5, z = -2.20, p = .03, r = 0.39. Carers indicated that they had experienced or witnessed a range of stressful life events related to their caring role (see Table 5). 77% of the s...
Sample 1
Posttraumatic stress symptoms physical health and sleep in carers of people with psychosis Greater levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms were associated with some aspects of physical health, specifically general health, role limitations due to physical problems and pain, but not physical functioning. Physical health has been associated with caregiving burden in carers of people with psychosis (Xxxxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2005; Xxxxxxx et al., 2005). In combination, these results suggests that posttraumatic stress symptoms may be impacting on physical health associated with the caring role in psychosis, however, it would be premature to draw any firm conclusions about causal processes; further research is required employing a prospective design. Contrary to hypotheses, sleep quality was not associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Sleep disruption has been associated with anxiety in several caregiver groups and has been found to mediate the relationship between caregiver burden and anxiety (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2009). Furthermore, sleep difficulties have commonly been reported among individuals with PTSD (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2000) and are believed to play a role in the development of PTSD (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 1998). Sleep difficulties, such as nightmares and insomnia are key characteristics of PTSD. It is possible that the associations found between anxiety and sleep disturbance in other caregiver groups (e.g., Xxxxxxxx et al., 2009) is partly due to study samples containing a high number of carer groups where the care recipient is characterised by frequent nocturnal awakenings, such as in dementia.
Sample 1

Related to Posttraumatic stress symptoms

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  • Infectious Disease Where an employee produces documentary evidence that:

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  • Cosmetic Surgery Any non-medically necessary surgery or procedure whose primary purpose is to improve or change the appearance of any portion of the body to improve self-esteem, but which does not restore bodily function, correct a diseased state, physical appearance, or disfigurement caused by an accident, birth defect, or correct or naturally improve a physiological function. Cosmetic Surgery includes, but is not limited to, ear piercing, rhinoplasty, lipectomy, surgery for sagging or extra skin, any augmentation or reduction procedures (e.g., mammoplasty, liposuction, keloids, rhinoplasty and associated surgery) or treatment relating to the consequences or as a result of Cosmetic Surgery.

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