Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Sample Clauses

Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. Posttraumatic stress symptoms are varied and can include intrusive re-experiencing aspects of the traumatic event, avoidance of reminders of the event or a numbing of emotions, and hypervigilance or increased physiological arousal. In order to meet the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), an identifiable stressor that is potentially life-threatening needs to be defined and the content of the symptoms should refer the stressor (Breslau, Chase, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2002). According to DSM-IV-TR, an individual must have experienced an event in which both of the following are present: 1) the person experienced, witnessed, or was confronted with an event or events that involved actual or threatening death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others; 2) the person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror (Criteria A). Posttraumatic stress symptoms on their own, without being connected to a stressor, would not meet criteria for a PTSD diagnosis and instead may be indicative of other emotional disorders, such as anxiety or depression, which can overlap with PTSD (▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇, 1997). Although the DSM-IV indicates that significant others can also be significantly affected by a traumatic event that they witness or learn of, PTSD diagnostic criterion has been criticised for being too restrictive (Power & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1997) and for failing to acknowledge the psychological impact of interpersonal trauma such as childhood abuse (▇▇▇▇▇, 2001) or psychosis (Shaw, ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1997). If we consider caregiving relationships, it is possible that the current operational definitions of PTSD in DSM-IV will also fail to capture potentially traumatic stressors that are commonly experienced by carers of people with psychosis. It could be argued, for example, that non-life threatening, objective events such as police involvement in the pathway to treatment, compulsory detainment under the Mental Health Act (1983), and psychotic behaviour in a loved relative, may be related to posttraumatic stress symptoms observed in people who care for someone with psychosis. Genuine traumatic symptoms may be missed and theoretical developments restricted, if research adheres rigidly to current criterion (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇, ▇▇▇▇▇▇, & ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2004). There are several reports of people exhibiting full PTSD symptoms, without the direct experience of acute precipitating t...

Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-S) (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 2016)24 15-25 AYAs = 0.91, Parents = 0.92 - - ▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ Psychological Dis- tress Scale (K10) (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 2016)24 15-25 AYAs= 0.93 parents= 0.94 - - The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 2016)24 15-25 0.94 - - Medical Outcomes Social Support Survey (MOS) (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 2016)24 15-25 0.96 - - Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1998)39 12-19 - Case requiring further attention= 75%, Cases with depressive symptomology= 67%, DSM-IV diagnosis= 67%, DSM-IV depressed mood disorder= 50% Case requiring further attention= 74%, Cases with depressive symptomology= 70%, DSM-IV diagnosis= 70%, DSM-IV depressed mood disorder= 67% ▇▇▇▇ Depression Inventory (BDI) (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1998)39 12-19 - Case requiring further attention= 50%, Cases with depressive symptomology= 50%, DSM-IV diagnosis= 40%, DSM-IV depressed mood disorder= 33% Case requiring further attention= 58%, Cases with depressive symptomology= 57%, DSM-IV diagnosis= 56%, DSM-IV depressed mood disorder= 41% Rotterdam Symptom Checklist (RSCL) (▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 1998)39 12-19 - Case requiring further attention= 63%, Cases with depressive symptomology= 83%, DSM-IV diagnosis= 50%, Case requiring further attention= 89%, Cases with depressive symptomology= 89%, DSM-IV diagnosis= 84%, Measure (Reference) Age range of TYA cancer population that measure was validated in Internal Consistency (Cronbach Alpha) Sensitivity Specificity DSM-IV depressed mood disorder= 75% DSM-IV depressed mood disorder= 85% Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 2014)32 15-39 0.90 - - Interview for disease and treatment distress (no official name) (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al. 2006)34 13-19 - Physical concerns: Infections- physicians-59%, nurses- 64%, Mucositis- 60%, 59%, Nausea- 71%, 79%, Pain from disease-71%, 44%, Pain from procedures/treatments- 60%,62% Personal changes: Changed temper- 60%, 46%, Fatigue-84%, 80%, Hair loss-84%, 86%, Round face-52%, 67%, Weight loss/gain-49%, 76% Feelings of alienation: Experiencing lower self-esteem-0%, 33%, Feeling different than friends-73%, 40%, Feeling left-out by friends- 29%, 56%, Missing leisure activities- 60%, 100%, not wanting others to see me- 11%, 44% Disease- and treatment-related worries: Worry about being left-out by friends-0%, 57%, Physical concerns: Infections- physicians-84%, nurses- 61%, Mucositis- 83%, 83%, Nausea- 77%, 53%, Pain from disease-79%, 49%, P...

Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms. Posttraumatic stress total scores for the Impact of Events Scale – Revised (IES-R; ▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 1997) ranged within the sample from 0 to 3.05 (M = 1.32, SD = .87). Almost half (n = 14, 44%) had a total score greater than 1.5 on the IES-R. The IES-R correlates highly with the PTSD checklist (PCL), suggesting that scores >1.5 provide optimum diagnostic accuracy against the PCL (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2003). Table 4 presents mean scores for IES-R total and subscale scores. According to the SCID interview, one participant (3%) met full diagnostic criteria for PTSD in response to an event related to their caring role. Table 4 Avoidance 1.48 .96 Hyperarousal 1.26 1.00 Intrusion 1.23 .84 IES-R Total 1.33 0.88 Approximately half of the carers completed the IES-R in relation to a specific traumatic event related to the caring role (n = 15, 47%). Despite experiencing stressful life events related to the caring role, the remainder of carers (n = 17, 53%) completed the IES-R in relation to the caring role in general because one specific event could not be identified as the most upsetting or traumatic. A ▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ U test was conducted to compare posttraumatic stress symptom scores (as measured by the IES-R) for these two groups (i.e., those who rated the IES-R in relation to the caring role in general and those that rated it in relation to a specific event associate with their caring role). No significant difference was found in posttraumatic stress symptoms (IES-R total score) of those participants who rated the IES-R in relation to the caring role in general (Md = 1.14; n = 17) and those who rated the IES-R in relation to a specific event associated with the caring role (Md = 1.36; n = 15, U = 103, z = -.93, p = .36, r = 0.17. ▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ U tests were also used to compare the two groups of carers on all other measures. The only significant difference between the two groups was on a measure of anxiety (HADS). A ▇▇▇▇-▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ U Test revealed a significant difference in anxiety level (as rated by the HADS) of carers who completed the IES-R in relation to the caring role in general (Md = 7, n = 16) and those who rated the IES-R in relation to a specific event (Md = 10, n = 15), U = 64.5, z = -2.20, p = .03, r = 0.39. Carers indicated that they had experienced or witnessed a range of stressful life events related to their caring role (see Table 5). 77% of the sample (n = 24) reported that they had also experienced or witnessed a traumatic event in their life unrelated to t...