POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Sample Clauses

POTENTIAL IMPACTS TO THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT. 3.1.2.1 Marine Mammals Potential effects on marine mammals from active acoustic sources are: • Non-auditory injury: This includes the potential for resonance of the lungs/organs, tissue damage, and mortality. For the purposes of the ACOBAR Experiment, there was no potential for non-auditory injury since this is expected to occur for marine mammals exposed to underwater sound ≥215 decibels relative to 1 microPascal squared per second (dB re 1 µPa2-sec) sound energy level (SEL) (Level A “incidental harassment” under the U.S. MMPA) (Southall et al. 2007), which is greater than the source levels of the signals that were transmitted. • Auditory effects: o Permanent threshold shift (PTS): A severe situation occurs when sound intensity is very high or of such long duration that permanent hearing loss results, which is referred to as permanent threshold shift (PTS). PTS is a consequence of the death of the sensory hair cells of the auditory epithelia of the ear with a resultant loss of hearing ability in the general vicinity of the frequencies of stimulation (Xxxxxxxxxx et al. 1995a). PTS results in a permanent elevation in the hearing threshold—an unrecoverable reduction in hearing sensitivity. The intensity and duration of an underwater sound that will cause PTS varies across marine mammal species and even among individual animals. For the purposes of the ACOBAR Experiment, there was no potential for PTS effects on cetaceans since PTS would be expected to occur when exposed to underwater sound ≥215 dB re 1 µPa2-sec SEL (Level A “incidental harassment” under the U.S. MMPA) (Xxxxxxxx et al. 2007). For pinnipeds, a very small potential existed for PTS to occur from the 80-sec RAFOS signals, which have an SEL SL of 207 dB re 1 µPa2-sec. PTS may occur in pinnipeds at received levels ≥203 dB re 1 µPa2-sec SEL (Xxxxxxxx et al. 2007). However, it is very unlikely that any of the two species of potentially occurring seals capable of deep diving, hooded and harp seals, dove to the depth at which the WRC sources (400 to 560 m) were located and then remained within 1.6 m of the sources for the entire 80-sec duration of the RAFOS signal required for PTS to occur. o Temporary threshold shift (TTS): Underwater sounds of sufficient loudness can cause a transient condition known as temporary threshold shift (TTS), in which an animal's hearing is impaired for a limited period of time. After termination of the sound, normal hearing ability returns over a period that may range anyw...
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