Cavitation. Prior authorization must be received from Pioneer prior to any service work on any product by third parties. Failure to obtain prior authorization shall void this warranty. Third Party Field Service. No statements regarding warranty coverage made by any third party shall be binding on Pioneer.
Cavitation. Cavitation is a phenomenon which occurs in liquids experiencing rapid and drastic pressure changes (Xxxxxx et al., 2001). A drastic drop in pressure can generate cavities, which are small bubbles of gas and vapour. These bubbles are able expand until the pressure returns to normal again. This causes the newly formed bubbles to rapidly shrink until they cannot withstand the pressure, hence making them implode and locally release tremendous pressure waves of up to 1000 bar and temperature spikes up to 10 000 K (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2012; Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxx, 2010). Thus, supporting chemical reactions with stringent conditions whilst utilizing overall ambient conditions in the process (Xxxxxx, 2008). These extreme conditions also generate highly reactive chemical agents, commonly known as radicals, inside the cavities which are promptly disbursed into the liquid during the collapse. These radicals may then facilitate the degradation of organic compounds in the liquid (Saharan et al., 2011; Xxxxxx, 2008). On larger scale, the cavitation creates a lot of turbulence which can be used to improve the circulation and mixing of the liquid, hence reduce particle size and increasing the surface area of the solubilized compounds (Patil et al., 2016; Xxxxxx et al., 2008). Currently, cavities can be formed with four different methods namely: HC, acoustic, optic and particle cavitation. However, the latter two methods are unable to generate cavities large enough for chemical and physical processing, therefore more researchers have chosen to utilize acoustic (US) and HC (Xxxxxx, 2008). Still, as previously stated, HC tends to be more energy efficient and applicable to large scale (Xxxxxx et al., 2001). Ergo, this thesis focus on this method.
