Communication Overhead Sample Clauses

Communication Overhead. In this part, we compare the communication over- head of the proposed scheme with several existing schemes. We assume that the sizes of the elements in G1 and G are 128 bytes and 40 bytes, respectively. In addition, let the output of a hash function and the size of the time stamp are 20 bytes and 4 bytes, respectively. Moreover, we assume that the origin messages are included in the finite field Z∗ and have a size of 20 bytes. whether T ′ − Tvi ≤ ∆t holds. We focus on the analysis of the communication 5) Modification attack An adversary may modify a message and rebroad- cast it. However, we use keyed hash function H to au- thenticate messages. Without the group key kug, it’s difficult to generate a valid Hash. Any modification of message {PIDi, M, Tvi , MV } will cause MV ƒ= Hkug(PIDi, M, Tv ). The message can’t be authenti- overhead in the following three processes: authentica- tion message generation, authentication message verifi- cation, and group-key generation. The communication overhead of several schemes is listed in Table 5. In the scheme proposed by He et al. [4] the au- thentication message is {Mi, AIDi, Ti, Ri, σi}, where AIDi = {AID1, AID2}, {AID1, AID2, Ri} ∈ G, σi ∈ q cated and accepted. Therefore, our scheme can resist modification attack. Z∗, Ti is the timestamp, so the size of the authentica- tion message is 40 × 3 + 20 × 2 + 4 = 164 bytes. Table 2 Notations Notations Descriptions . Σ Tbp the execution time of one bilinear pairing operation eˆ Uˆ, Vˆ , where U, V ∈ G1 Tea the execution time of one point addition operation on ECC Tep the execution time of one exponentiation operation on point Th the execution time of one hash function operation using SHA-1 Tch the execution time of chebyshev’ encryption THkey the execution time of one keyed hash function operation using chaos map THkey 0.061ms In the scheme proposed by Xxxxx et al. [1] vehi- cles send messages as (M|| sig|| Yk|| Certk), where Certk = {Yk||Ei||DIDui ||γu||γv||c||λ||σ1||σ2}, {sig, Yk, Ei, DIDu , γu, γv} ∈ G1, {M, λ, σ1, σ2} ∈ Z∗, by adopting pseudonym changing at social spot strat- egy. Declarations Conflicts of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Data Availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. References 1. Xxxxx, M., Xxxxxxxxxxx, P., Xxxxxxx, X.X.: Eaap: c is a hash operation result. Therefore, the communi- cation overhead is 7 × 128 + 5 × 20 = 996 bytes. The authentication message ...
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Communication Overhead. The communication overhead is measured by the number of the messages. That is to say the overall communication overhead of the scheme is the summation of messages exchanged in cluster and messages exchanged among clusters. In order to compare these protocol conveniently, we assume the size of group is n, and the size of the each cluster is k. In IKA phase, members in cluster perform BD protocol and the message overhead is C1 b =n k [2k+k(k−1)] = n+nk. Among clusters the members perform TGDH protocol. According to Table 2. we know that the message overhead which the leaf nodes need to send is k ∑n/k i=1 hi , where hi is the height of leaf node i. So the message overhead in performing TGDH is t C1 : K ∑ i=1 n/k hi <K ∙ n/k ∙ log n/k = n ∙ log n/k . Therefore, we can compute the overall communication overhead in IKA phase as C1=C1 + C1 =n + nk + n · log n/k. In AKA (we only discuss single member joining in for short), a new member join in a certain cluster, all the members in this cluster must choose the random value again, so the overhead of
Sample 1
Communication Overhead. The proposed scheme communication overhead as compared with other existing schemes [8], [12], [23] and the computed values are shown in Tables 3, 4 and 5 and then design graph according to these computed values which are shown in Fig. 5. Communication overhead of our proposed scheme with schemes [8], [12], [23] is represented in Fig. 5 where our scheme shows 84.2% as compared to scheme [8], 85.7% efficiency than scheme [12] and 78.57% than [23]. TABLE III. COMMUNICATION OVERHEAD COMPARISON WITH X. XXXXXXX ET AL. Scheme Communication Overhead Communication Overhead Reduction in Percent X. Xxxxxxx et al. [8] (1024+192)bits % = 84.2 % Proposed (128+16+48) bits TABLE IV. COMMUNICATION OVERHEAD COMPARISON WITH X. XXXXX ET AL. Scheme Communication Overhead Communication Overhead Reduction in Percent X. Xxxxx et al. [12] (1024+320)bits % = 85.7 % Proposed (128+16+48) bits TABLE V. COMMUNICATION OVERHEAD COMPARISON WITH XXX ET AL. Scheme Communication Overhead Communication Overhead Reduction in Percent Xxx et al. [23] 2(160+160+128)bits % = 78.57 % Proposed (128+16+48) bits ( ) Proposed Scheme
Sample 1
Communication Overhead. Since LKE and iLKE are two in-situ key establishment schemes, messages are transmitted for keying information distribution as well as pairwise key establishment. Compared to the existent key predistribution schemes, the additional traffic may appear to be a deathful weakness for the two schemes. However, polynomial shares are only transmitted
Sample 1
Communication Overhead. To measure the overhead of the communication, we use the size of the package exchange between the source node and the destination node as the criterion. If the source node needs to transit too large a package, it will consume the frequency bandwidth excessively. Therefore, the efficiency of the bandwidth allocation would not be very high. And the power cost of message exchanges would also reduce the life expectancy of the network. In Du et al.’s scheme, the node only needs to compare the indices of the pre- distributed secrets. With these indices, the node can check whether there is any overlap secret in the other node. If a node is pre-distributed into s secret, the size of these indices is s log2 n and the communication overhead of the Liu et al. is the same.
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Communication Overhead. As the establishment of direct keys between a pair of nodes does not require handshakes between them, the major com- munication overhead lies with the establishment of indirect keys. Just like most existing security schemes that require handshakes between end nodes to negotiate a shared key, this overhead is inevitable. However, few analytical results about server to facilitate key agreement between any two nodes. The trusted server can be a potential failure point. Distributed methods are more secure. A simple method is the full pairwise key distribution, in which each pair of nodes in a network of N nodes is preloaded with a distinct symmetric key. Each node, however, must keep N 1 symmetric keys. Another two basic distributed methods are proposed by Xxxx [2] and Xxxxxx et al. [3], which feature the same amount of memory cost as the full pairwise key approach. Those distributed methods lack scalability and thus only suitable in small networks. Probabilistic schemes [4]–[22] can provide a certain level of scalability with the tradeoff that they can not guarantee that every pair of nodes establish a shared key. The memory cost of those schemes increases linearly with respect to the total number of nodes if they need to achieve a certain level of security or communication efficiency [23]. Moreover, those schemes are targeted at the key establishment between neighboring nodes, while our scheme can achieve the end-to- end key agreement. Combinatorial design techniques are proposed in [24], [25]. They can ensure key sharing between any pair of nodes. In their schemes, however, each key is reused by many sensor nodes. This leads to poor resilience to node compromise in that one compromised node can expose keys belongs to other noncompromised nodes. In addition, the memory cost of their schemes is roughly ( N) where N is the total number of nodes, while the memory cost of our scheme can be ( k N ), which is more scalable. Then, Shamir’s (s+1,T ) threshold secret sharing scheme [31] can be applied. Specifically, T shares can be calculated as g(1), g(2),... , g(T ) , (33) where T s + 1. Next, node u transmits the T shares to node v through multiple secure paths by following the method proposed in [30]. Suppose u and v have j mismatches in their IDs, which means there are j disjoint secure paths between them. Then node u may transmit T/j shares along each secure path to node v. Once node v gets s + 1 out of T shares, it can recover the polynomial g(x) and get the k...
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Related to Communication Overhead

  • Direct Website Communications (a) The Borrower may, at its option, provide to the Administrative Agent any information, documents and other materials that it is obligated to furnish to the Administrative Agent pursuant to the Credit Documents, including, without limitation, all notices, requests, financial statements, financial and other reports, certificates and other information materials, but excluding any such communication that (A) relates to a request for a new, or a conversion of an existing, borrowing or other extension of credit (including any election of an interest rate or interest period relating thereto), (B) relates to the payment of any principal or other amount due under the Credit Agreement prior to the scheduled date therefor, (C) provides notice of any default or event of default under this Agreement or (D) is required to be delivered to satisfy any condition precedent to the effectiveness of the Credit Agreement and/or any borrowing or other extension of credit thereunder (all such non-excluded communications being referred to herein collectively as “Communications”), by transmitting the Communications in an electronic/soft medium in a format reasonably acceptable to the Administrative Agent to the Administrative Agent at an email address provided by the Administrative Agent from time to time; provided that (i) upon written request by the Administrative Agent, the Borrower shall deliver paper copies of such documents to the Administrative Agent for further distribution to each Lender until a written request to cease delivering paper copies is given by the Administrative Agent and (ii) the Borrower shall notify (which may be by facsimile or electronic mail) the Administrative Agent of the posting of any such documents and provide to the Administrative Agent by electronic mail electronic versions (i.e., soft copies) of such documents. Each Lender shall be solely responsible for timely accessing posted documents or requesting delivery of paper copies of such documents from the Administrative Agent and maintaining its copies of such documents. Nothing in this Section 13.17 shall prejudice the right of the Borrower, the Administrative Agent, any other Agent or any Lender to give any notice or other communication pursuant to any Credit Document in any other manner specified in such Credit Document. The Administrative Agent agrees that the receipt of the Communications by the Administrative Agent at its e-mail address set forth above shall constitute effective delivery of the Communications to the Administrative Agent for purposes of the Credit Documents. Each Lender agrees that notice to it (as provided in the next sentence) specifying that the Communications have been posted to the Platform shall constitute effective delivery of the Communications to such Lender for purposes of the Credit Documents. Each Lender agrees (A) to notify the Administrative Agent in writing (including by electronic communication) from time to time of such Lender’s e-mail address to which the foregoing notice may be sent by electronic transmission and (B) that the foregoing notice may be sent to such e-mail address. (b) The Borrower further agrees that any Agent may make the Communications available to the Lenders by posting the Communications on Intralinks or a substantially similar electronic transmission system (the “Platform”), so long as the access to such Platform (i) is limited to the Agents, the Lenders and Transferees or prospective Transferees and (ii) remains subject to the confidentiality requirements set forth in Section 13.16. (c) THE PLATFORM IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND “AS AVAILABLE”. THE AGENT PARTIES (AS DEFINED BELOW) DO NOT WARRANT THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE BORROWER MATERIALS OR THE ADEQUACY OF THE PLATFORM, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM LIABILITY FOR ERRORS IN OR OMISSIONS FROM THE BORROWER MATERIALS. NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT OF THIRD PARTY RIGHTS OR FREEDOM FROM VIRUSES OR OTHER CODE DEFECTS, IS MADE BY ANY AGENT PARTY IN CONNECTION WITH THE BORROWER MATERIALS OR THE PLATFORM. In no event shall the Administrative Agent or any of its Related Parties (collectively, the “Agent Parties” and each an “Agent Party”) have any liability to the Borrower, any Lender, the Letter of Credit Issuer or any other Person for losses, claims, damages, liabilities or expenses of any kind (whether in tort, contract or otherwise) arising out of the Borrower’s or the Administrative Agent’s transmission of Borrower Materials through the internet, except to the extent the liability of any Agent Party resulted from such Agent Party’s (or any of its Related Parties’ (other than any trustee or advisor)) gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct or material breach of the Credit Documents. (d) The Borrower and each Lender acknowledge that certain of the Lenders may be “public-side” Lenders (Lenders that do not wish to receive material non-public information with respect to the Borrower, its Subsidiaries or their securities) and, if documents or notices required to be delivered pursuant to the Credit Documents or otherwise are being distributed through the Platform, any document or notice that the Borrower has indicated contains only publicly available information with respect to the Borrower may be posted on that portion of the Platform designated for such public-side Lenders. If the Borrower has not indicated whether a document or notice delivered contains only publicly available information, the Administrative Agent shall post such document or notice solely on that portion of the Platform designated for Lenders who wish to receive material nonpublic information with respect to the Borrower, its Subsidiaries and their securities. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Borrower shall use commercially reasonable efforts to indicate whether any document or notice contains only publicly available information.

  • Communications and Contacts The Institution: [NAME AND TITLE OF INSTITUTION CONTACT PERSON] [INSTITUTION NAME] [ADDRESS] [TELEPHONE NUMBER] [FACSIMILE NUMBER] The Contractor: [NAME AND TITLE OF CONTRACTOR CONTACT PERSON] [CONTRACTOR NAME] [ADDRESS] [TELEPHONE NUMBER] [FACSIMILE NUMBER] All instructions, notices, consents, demands, or other communications shall be sent in a manner that verifies proof of delivery. Any communication by facsimile transmission shall also be sent by United States mail on the same date as the facsimile transmission. All communications which relate to any changes to the Contract shall not be considered effective until agreed to, in writing, by both parties.

  • Communications and Operations Management a. Network Penetration Testing - DST shall, on approximately an annual basis, contract with an independent third party to conduct a network penetration test on its network having access to or holding or containing Fund Data. DST shall have a process to review and evaluate high risk findings resulting from this testing.

  • Communications and Computer Lines Tenant may install, maintain, replace, remove or use any communications or computer wires and cables (collectively, the “Lines”) at the Project in or serving the Premises, provided that (i) Tenant shall obtain Landlord’s prior written consent to the installation of any such Lines (such consent not to be unreasonably withheld), use an experienced and qualified contractor approved in writing by Landlord (such approval not to be unreasonably withheld), and comply with all of the other provisions of Articles 7 and 8 of this Lease, (ii) an acceptable amount of space for additional Lines shall be maintained for future occupants of the Project, as determined in Landlord’s reasonable opinion, (iii) the Lines (including riser cables) shall be appropriately insulated to prevent excessive electromagnetic fields or radiation, and shall be surrounded by a protective conduit reasonably acceptable to Landlord, (iv) any Lines servicing the Premises shall comply with all Applicable Laws, (v) as a condition to permitting the installation of new Lines, Landlord may require that Tenant remove existing Lines located in or serving the Premises that will no longer be used by Tenant and repair any damage in connection with such removal, and (vi) Tenant shall pay all costs in connection therewith. Landlord reserves the right to require that Tenant remove any Lines located in or serving the Premises which are installed in violation of these provisions, or which are at any time in violation of any Applicable Laws or represent a dangerous or potentially dangerous condition. Upon the expiration of the Lease Term, or immediately following any earlier termination of this Lease, Tenant shall, at Tenant’s sole cost and expense, remove all Lines installed by Tenant, and repair any damage caused by such removal.

  • General Communications The type of communications described and defined in Article

  • Incident Event and Communications Management a. Incident Management/Notification of Breach - DST shall develop, implement and maintain an incident response plan that specifies actions to be taken when DST or one of its subcontractors suspects or detects that a party has gained material unauthorized access to Fund Data or systems or applications containing any Fund Data (the “Response Plan”). Such Response Plan shall include the following: i. Escalation Procedures - An escalation procedure that includes notification to senior managers and appropriate reporting to regulatory and law enforcement agencies. This procedure shall provide for reporting of incidents that compromise the confidentiality of Fund Data (including backed up data) to Fund via telephone or email (and provide a confirmatory notice in writing as soon as practicable); provided that the foregoing notice obligation is excused for such period of time as DST is prohibited by law, rule, regulation or other governmental authority from notifying Fund. ii. Incident Reporting - DST will use commercially reasonable efforts to promptly furnish to Fund information that DST has regarding the general circumstances and extent of such unauthorized access to the Fund Data.

  • Communications and Notices Any notice to the Contractor shall be deemed sufficient when deposited in the United States Mail postage prepaid; faxed; e-mailed; delivered to a telegraph office fee prepaid; or hand-carried and presented to an authorized employee of the Contractor at the Contractor’s address as listed on the signature page of the contract or at such address as the contractor may have requested in writing.

  • TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS Both parties may communicate by telephone, but it is agreed that no instructions that require action will be left on any messaging service since neither party can guarantee that they will be received or actioned. Telephone conversations may be recorded by Us for training or monitoring purposes.

  • Notices; Communications (a) Except as provided in Section 9.01(b), all notices and other communications provided for herein shall be in writing and shall be delivered by hand or overnight courier service, mailed by certified or registered mail or sent by telecopier or other electronic means as follows: (i) if to any Loan Party, the Administrative Agent, the Issuing Banks as of the Closing Date or the Swingline Lender to the address, telecopier number, or electronic mail address on Schedule 9.01; and (ii) if to any other Lender or any other Issuing Bank, to the address, telecopier number or electronic mail address specified in its Administrative Questionnaire. (b) Notices and other communications to the Lenders and the Issuing Banks hereunder may be delivered or furnished by electronic communication (including e mail and Internet or intranet websites) pursuant to procedures approved by the Administrative Agent; provided, that the foregoing shall not apply to notices to any Lender or Issuing Bank pursuant to Article II if such Lender or Issuing Bank, as applicable, has notified the Administrative Agent that it is incapable of receiving notices under such Article by electronic communication. The Administrative Agent or the Borrower may, in their discretion, agree to accept notices and other communications to it hereunder by electronic communications pursuant to procedures approved by them, provided that approval of such procedures may be limited to particular notices or communications. (c) Notices sent by hand or overnight courier service, or mailed by certified or registered mail, shall be deemed to have been given when received. Notices sent by telecopier shall be deemed to have been given when sent (except that, if not given during normal business hours for the recipient, shall be deemed to have been given at the opening of business on the next Business Day for the recipient). Notices delivered through electronic communications to the extent provided in Section 9.01(b) above shall be effective as provided in such Section 9.01(b). (d) Any party hereto may change its address or telecopy number for notices and other communications hereunder by notice to the other parties hereto. (e) Documents required to be delivered pursuant to Section 5.04 (to the extent any such documents are included in materials otherwise filed with the SEC) may be delivered electronically (including as set forth in Section 9.17) and if so delivered, shall be deemed to have been delivered on the date (i) on which the Borrower posts such documents, or provides a link thereto on the Borrower’s website on the Internet at the website address listed on Schedule 9.01, or (ii) on which such documents are posted on the Borrower’s behalf on an Internet or intranet website, if any, to which each Lender and the Administrative Agent have access (whether a commercial, third-party website or whether sponsored by the Administrative Agent); provided, that (A) the Borrower shall deliver paper copies of such documents to the Administrative Agent or any Lender that requests the Borrower to deliver such paper copies until a written request to cease delivering paper copies is given by the Administrative Agent or such Lender, and (B) the Borrower shall notify the Administrative Agent (by telecopier or electronic mail) of the posting of any such documents and provide to the Administrative Agent by electronic mail electronic versions (i.e., soft copies) of such documents. Except for such certificates required by Section 5.04(c), the Administrative Agent shall have no obligation to request the delivery or to maintain copies of the documents referred to above, and in any event shall have no responsibility to monitor compliance by the Borrower with any such request for delivery, and each Lender shall be solely responsible for requesting delivery to it or maintaining its copies of such documents.

  • Routine Communications All routine communications related to the Contract shall be sent to the Department’s Contract Manager. If any of the Contractor’s contract information changes during the life of the Contract, the Contractor shall notify the Department’s Contract Manager; such updates do not necessitate a formal amendment to the Contract. Communications relating to a Customer contract or purchase order should be addressed to the contact person identified in the contract or purchase order. Routine communications may be my email, regular mail, or telephone.

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