Focus depth Sample Clauses

Focus depth. The depth of the focus is naturally very important: for a comparable amount of energy released, the effects of an earthquake will differ on the earth’s surface according to whether the focus is near the surface or deeper down, owing to the distance the seismic waves have to cover from the focus to a given point on the surface where an artefact is exposed to the earthquake’s effects. The greater the distance the waves have to cover, the more they will be attenuated by the propagation medium. More important, the front of the waves radiating from a source point is spherical in a continuous homogeneous medium, and the energy of the initial impulse spreads along this spherical wave front, with its increasing radius. The energy is more concentrated at part of the spherical surface of the front of the wave if the radius is small (surface focus) than if the radius is larger (deeper focus; the phenomenon is known as “spherical expansion”). 3 The “epicentre” of an earthquake is the point on the earth’s surface (known by its latitude and longitude) vertically above the focus of the earthquake. It is therefore crucial to know the depth of the focus, but this is very often hard to determine (explanations for this situation are beyond the scope of this working paper). In an emergency, in particular, the depth of the focus cannot in practice be determined with any acceptable precision unless data are available from a seismographic station whose distance from the epicentre is shorter than the depth to be determined. Given that it is quite unusual to have such data available in an emergency, what can be done? The answer is that there is no alternative but to carry out a probabilistic estimate of the depth – hence the need for well-developed databases (it should be noted that the determination of the epicentre and the depth of the focus are not independent of each other, which does not simplify matters).
Sample 1
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