Outline of the BIOCORE OPEX model Sample Clauses

Outline of the BIOCORE OPEX model. According to Xxxxxx et al. 2012, the annual operating expenditures (OPEX) can be grouped into direct or variable manufacturing costs (DMC), fixed manufacturing costs (FMC) and general expenses (GE). The following Table 2 shows the types of cost items as grouped into these categories following Turton et al. 2012. Table 2: Cost items included in direct costs, fixed costs and general expenses. Raw materials Depreciation Administration costs Utilities Local taxes and insurance Distribution and selling costs Operating labour Plant overhead costs Research and development Direct supervisory & clerical labour Maintenance and repairs Operating supplies Laboratory charges Patents and royalities Source: Turton et al. 2012 Ideally, all cost items listed above would be calculated directly. However, only limited data is available for the BIOCORE processes and, in particular, no equipment sizing is possible. Therefore, estimation procedures are necessary. According to Xxxxxx et al. 2012, OPEX can be determined when the following costs are known or can be estimated: 1. Fixed capital investment (FCI) 2. Cost of operating labour (COL) 3. Cost of utilities (CUT) 4. Cost of raw materials (CRM) This result follows from the assumption, as described in Turton et al. 2012 (p. 206), that all other cost items are fixed factors of these four cost components shown above. The procedure for estimating FCI has been explained in section 3.1.1 above and, as will be detailed below, the costs of operating labour, utilities and raw materials (feedstock and operating materials) can be directly calculated from the BIOCORE process data. The model therefore provides a robust and transparent means of estimating both CAPEX and OPEX from limited data. Xxxxxx et al. 2012 present typical corresponding multiplication factors for each of the OPEX components shown in Table 2, combined from several literature sources. In the following, we are disussing each of these multiplication factors. 3.1.2.1 Direct manufacturing costs
Sample 1
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