RAAS Sample Clauses

RAAS. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) or the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system (RAAS) (Figure 1.1) is a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid) balance. The classical view is that the RAS cascade exists in the circulation. The classical circulatory RAS cascade is initiated by production and secretion of the enzyme renin from the kidney’s juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to stimuli such as a reduction in circulating blood volume. Renin is considered a key enzyme of RAS due to the rate limiting nature of its hydrolytic activity on angiotensinogen. Recently there has also been the discovery of a renin/prorenin receptor the function of which is to be fully elucidated (Xxxxxx et al., 2002). Angiotensinogen is released into the circulation, predominately from the liver. AngII is formed by the enzymatic cleavage of angiotensinogen by renin to form the inactive peptide, Angiotensin I. This in turn is converted to AngII by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This enzyme is highly expressed in the endothelial cell membrane of the pulmonary circulation (Xxxxx, 2001; Xxxxx et al., 2002). Another action of ACE outside the RAS is the inactivation of the vasodilator bradykinin further strengthening the role of ACE and therefore the RAS as being pro-hypertensive. However recent discoveries have contributed to changing our understanding of RAS from the classical linear cascade to a cascade with multiple mediators, receptors and enzymes (Xxxxxxxx, 2007; Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx, 2007; Xxxxxx e Xxxxx XX et al., 2006). It is now appreciated that the RAS also exists in distinct organs such as the heart which has been termed the local RAS (Miyazaki and Xxxxx, 2006; Xxxx et al., 2006). The local RAS has also been found in blood vessels, kidney, adrenal glands, pancreas adipose tissue, nervous system and reproductive system (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxx, 2003; Xxxxxxx et al., 2000; Xxxxxx, 2001; Xxxx and Xxxxxxx, 2004). The local RAS appears to be regulated independently of the circulatory RAS but can interact with it. The effect of the local RAS can occur on the cell itself (autocrine), on adjacent cells (paracrine) or through the bloodstream to a specific organ or tissue (endocrine) (Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxx, 2006; Xxxx et al., 2006). However the main importance of local RAS is linked to local regulatory mechanisms that control many homeostatic pathways (Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxx, 2006; Xxxx et al., 2006). Angiotensinogen ACE 2 Endopeptidases Angiotensin I Ang-(1-9) Renin ACE...
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Related to RAAS

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