Research on the acquisition Sample Clauses

Research on the acquisition of nominal agreement in different languages In the study of Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxx and de Haan (2004), Dutch was investigated as a second language. The focus was on the grammatical gender of Dutch. The participants were adult speakers of German, English and three Romance languages (French, Italian and Spanish). From all these languages, German is most similar to the Dutch grammatical gender system. In the first experiment, participants had to indicate the gender of nouns. This experiment was performed correctly by all participants, because all groups performed above 80% on average. However, the results showed that the speakers who have gender in their first languages performed better than speakers who have not. Especially the German speakers had a higher accuracy. The second experiment looked at agreement between the noun and the relative pronoun. These results showed that the German speakers performed best, followed by the Romance speakers, and the English speakers had the most errors. The results of this study demonstrate that, in the second language acquisition of grammatical gender, it is more important whether there is morphological similarity of gender marking than whether abstract syntactic gender features are present in the first language. In addition to all the research focused on English or some research focused on Dutch as a first language, there are also several papers investigating nominal agreement in other languages. Kupisch, Akpinar and Xxxxx (2013) looked at gender marking in adult French used by German-French bilinguals and advanced second language learners. German and French are both languages with grammatical gender. French uses the masculine and feminine gender and German also makes use of neuter. Both languages make use of nominal agreement, but they also have cases in which gender agreement is not present or visible. There is a considerable difference between the two gender systems, so the system of the first language may be of little help in the acquisition of the gender marking in the second language. Xxxxxxx et al. (2013) compared bilinguals who grew up in Germany and who grew up in France and second language learners living in either Germany or France. The experiments showed successful acquisition of agreement in all groups, but gender was slightly affected when French was acquired in a minority language context or as a second language. The results show that gender agreement is not caused by incomplete acquisition and it appears the res...
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