Soekarnoism. Any discussion of Xxxxxxxxxxx should be based on the political writings of Xxxxxxxx himself. The following analysis covers the period of his early pre-independence days to that of his last days in power. Although he created many slogans and concepts during the last decade in power, most of it is based on work he did during his earlier years (Xxxxxxxx 2001, 16). The analysis of his ideology will provide an understanding of what Xxxxxxxx was really after, how he pursued it, and why he chose to pursue it in such a manner. Though most of his tenets originally pertained to the conceptions of statehood, his thought framework also applies to how Xxxxxxxx conceived foreign policy. What kind of entity did Xxxxxxxx aim to create? Xxxxxxxx did not want to create an ideal form of statehood but rather an ideal new society that forms the basis for struggle. Xxxxxxxx argued that by creating a republic that is solid and strong a potential friction between political and economic order is created as well. For with this dichotomy a proletariat with powers to govern through representation in parliament can easily be thrown off onto xxx xxxxxxx, jobless, fired from the factory whereby he or she earns a meager wage (Xxxxxxxx 1932, 23). Instead, Xxxxxxxx offered what is termed Marhaenism, a term based on the word marhaen, which means Indonesian proletariat, poor Indonesian farmers, and other struggling poor people. Xxxxxxxxxx is socio-nationalism and socio-democracy. Socio-democracy is political democracy and economic democracy. According to Xxxxxxxx (1933B, 321), only socio-nationalism can ensure socio-democracy, other nationalisms cannot. Marhaenism provides the basis by which to aspire for a social and state order whereby: the Marhaens would be saved – [and] Xxxxxxxxxx is the mode of struggle [in] achiev[ing] social and state order [by which] the manner of accomplishing this goal must be revolutionary … hence Xxxxxxxxxx [are both] the method of struggle and the basis to aspire for the eradication of capitalism and imperialism (Xxxxxxxx 1933A, 13-14). Xxxxxxxx (1933B, 320) expounded on the rationale behind his version of state utopia: With political democracy and economic democracy, hence across that golden bridge Indonesian society can be governed by its own people into salvation – transformed into a society without capitalism and imperialism. With such political and economic democracy, the Marhaens can establish a state that is genuinely a people’s state – a state where all ...
