Theme 1 strategic rationale for CCU/CCS for cluster and sectors This theme focuses on: • understanding the extent of development of the strategic rationale of each case study/project; and • understanding the investment barriers linked to the definition of the project and facilitate adjustment as necessary. Discussion topics used as guidance for interview:
Theme 1 strategic rationale/system perspective • Germany o This case study is focused on CCU as a contribution to decarbonisation of North Rhine- Westphalia by capturing CO2 and converting into synthetic fuels (DME or OME). o The strategy in this case study is to use the significant geographical concentration of CO2 emissions and existing quality shared infrastructure (pipeline, heating networks, electricity grid) as well as possibilities of integrating with renewable energy technologies. • Norway o The case study is focused on the design consideration for a local hub/intermediate storage facility near one of the industrial clusters in the Grenland region. o Due to low volume of in-country emissions and the geographical location of the main storage reservoirs, hubs are considered the most cost effective and flexible solution for local decarbonisation. A number of small hubs may be developed to combine emissions locally before being transported to a larger subsurface reservoir. o The strategic rationale is built on the use of large storage reservoirs anchored by high volumes of CO2 related to energy exports (natural gas or hydrogen). Those reservoirs would have sufficient capacity for local emissions to be stored cost effectively. • Netherlands o The objective in this case study is to supply H2 at scale to existing natural gas fired power stations which can run on high concentration of H2 blending and to a number of strategic industrial users (refinery and petrochemicals). o Industrial users have favourable characteristics: ▪ decarbonisation alternatives are not attractive (high temperature heat, number of emissions points) ▪ there is a secure long-term future for their products ▪ scale: there can be a significant impact on emission reduction ▪ complexity: ease of transition by converting existing boilers and use of existing infrastructure corridors which can be expanded o Geography: proximity of offshore CO2 storage location. o Aligned with Dutch policy to limit use of CCS to avoid fossil fuel lock-in. • UK o The case study is focused on transport and storage of CO2 from the Teesside and Grangemouth industrial clusters. o The rationale is to focus on large industrial clusters with large-scale volumes of CO2 and to make use of the coastal location, proximity of large-scale offshore storage reservoirs (with good technical definition) and opportunities for synergies with other clusters on the east of England coast.
Theme 1. Strategic Rationale • Geography: proximity of storage location. • Infrastructure: the companies involved are used to sharing infrastructure and existing corridors can be expanded for hydrogen transport. • Close proximity of emitters with the same characteristics and same requirements o High temperature heat. o Multiple emission points within same facility. • The central production of H2 (with capture) is a better fit compared to alternatives: o Continuing the current use of fossil fuel with multiple capture facilities implies the cost of multiple capture facilities and complex pipework within the facilities. o Renewable electricity cannot provide the high temperature heat. • Significant reduction impact on emissions from the Shell and BP facilities (1.4-2.8MT/year) • Ease of transition: some of the boilers/furnaces can already operate on blending. • Market: The industries involved will exist for the foreseeable future and are expected to retain the benefit of strong export markets. • Policies:
Theme 1. Size of digital collections (September 2012–February 2013) The purpose of this part of the Thematic Survey is both to check and review data collected in Core Survey 1 and to further develop the methodology of quantifying the size and growth of digital collections in sufficient detail. This survey module will take on board the recommendations from the specialist meeting, held in The Hague on 30 January 2012. The focus will be on improving the problematic ‘optional table’ in Core Survey 1. We will do this by applying three research methods. Approximately 7 countries will be involved in this part of the survey. In each country about 10-15 heritage institutions will be approached that will be asked to compare three ways of measuring the size of collections:
Theme 1. Girls as saviors of humanity On the webpage of the Coalition for Adolescent Girls, the slogan just below the header reads: “Poverty Ends with Her.” This illustrates the main message that the Coalition desires to spread: adolescent girls do need support, but if supported, they can change the world. The task then is to unleash girls’ potential and turn them into changemakers by “empowering” them. In various documents and advocacy tools such as films and short video clips, we hear that changing girls’ lives is not just about making their lives better; it is also about making better the lives of all. In the film Girl Rising, girls are depicted as “holding our future in their hands.” They are holding the future because they will contribute to economic growth globally through various mechanisms that I will specify below. In addition to growth, girls are considered the future because if they are empowered, the world will be a safe and more secure place. At the 2009 World Economic Forum’s special session3 on “The Girl Effect on Development,” Xxxx Xxxxxx (CEO of Nike) stated that, in addition to stimulating economic development, girls “have 3 This special session can be found online at xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/watch?v=CQc7NZPjqBA. the potential to affect social stability.” In the same session, Ngozi Okonjo Iweala (Managing Director of the World Bank) explained how investing in girls would solve many global problems, among which she counted “the population problem, family welfare problem, climate change problem, and poverty.” Iweala stated that the World Bank had been investing in women for two decades, since it was well known that “investing in women is smart economics.” Now, she went on to argue, it was time to realize that “investing in girls is smarter economics.” Indeed, investing in girls as smart (or smarter) economics is a recurring theme in most INGO documents as well as films about girls. However, what makes girls worth investing in is almost never thoroughly explained in these documents.4 Often, the ripple effect of investing in girls is mentioned, as girls are considered to be future mothers and it is assumed (with relevant data, in some cases) that the mother’s empowerment— measured as her educational attainment, income or health status—is directly correlated with her children’s education, health, and income. Thus, investing in girls is assumed to have an intergenerational effect. Reducing poverty is particularly emphasized when it comes to generational ...
