Examples of Reference Income in a sentence
I thus endeavor to test this prediction by comparing the effect of Reference Income on Satisfaction in these three different environments.I distinguish three different economic contexts: Eastern Europe, Western Europe and the United States.
This constitutes an ideal setting for capturing the role of the environment in the relation between Reference Income and subjective Well-Being.
IDENTIFYING HIRSCHMAN’S EFFECTS The objective of the paper is to identify the channels from Reference Income to individual welfare.
In a second stage, I plug this estimation, i.e. the predicted Reference Income, in the regression of Satisfaction, controlling for the usual socio-demographic variables.
However, in the Russian survey (RLMS), the presence of such a variable allows verifying that the channel from Reference Income to Life Satisfaction does work via Expectations.
In the first-stage regression of log Own Income, the coefficient of log Household Expenditure is 0.174*** [0.0104]; in the second-stage fixed-effects IV regression of life Satisfaction, the coefficient of log Own Income is 0.889*** [0.095] and that of log Reference Income 0.275*** [0.071].
Empirically, the sign of ∂V/∂YB can be interpreted as a test of the relative importance of these two effects.In order to test the importance of jealousy versus ambition, the idea is simply to run a standard regression of individual satisfaction (UA) on the usual socio-demographic factors augmented with Reference Income YB together with individual income YA.
In the first stage, I estimate the “Reference Income” of each individual in the sample, where Reference Income is interpreted in a professional sense, i.e. the typical income of people who share my productive characteristics.
De facto, another specification of the econometric model consists in regressing Satisfaction on Reference Income and Residual Income (εit), the latter reflecting the effect of the strictly “personal” part of Own Income; a working paper version of this article shows that this specification leads to the same results (Senik, 2005b).
In the first-stage estimation, I thus estimate an earnings equation of the form: Yit = a0 sexi + a1 educationit + a2 experienceit + a3 occupationit + a4 industryit + a5 regioni + a6 full- timeit + εit (2) And I construct Reference Income as the predicted Ŷit for each individual*year*country.