Background on Ontology Languages and Notation Sample Clauses

Background on Ontology Languages and Notation. Ontologies provide a structured means of storing information. They are known to be particularly useful for storing linked data (i.e. data connected with relations) and they provide effective ways of retrieving stored data via queries. Although ontologies are traced as early as in the 1990s, their widespread usage was connected to the emergence of the World Wide Web. Information in the World Wide Web can be represented in a variety of languages; a general- purpose language for representing such information is provided by the Resource Description Framework (RDF). Mostly oriented towards representing metadata, the basic RDF data model has three main object types: resources, properties, and statements. A resource is any “thing” that is described by the language, while properties are relations among resources. Resources are unique, identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), while their values can be either simple string values or other resources. Finally, the resources and the properties are assigned values using statements. Although the RDF data model provides a powerful conceptual framework, it defines no syntax for the language itself. Thus, RDF models are usually used along with the well-known eXtensible Markup Language (XML). Additionally, both the RDF model and the XML require their respective schemas. The RDF schema defines the required hierarchies for the resources and the properties of the data model, e.g. a resource of type dog would be a subresource of resource animal. The XML schema is simply a way to restrict the structure of XML documents. Although the combination of RDF and XML are powerful enough for storing and presenting information, processing the stored information is hard. To overcome this difficulty, the Web Ontology Language (OWL) has been designed in order to enhance the aforementioned model by incorporating semantic information and providing additional formal vocabulary. In accordance with RDF, OWL has classes, properties, and statements, while also including more advanced features such as cardinality or symmetry between properties. In the context of S-CASE, we decided to use OWL since it is a well-known established standard of current research and industry communities. In addition, we use Protégé for visualizing and designing our ontology (Protégé, 2014) since it is also a well-known tool. For an extensive review of OWL languages and tools, the reader is referred to the deliverable 4.1 of WP4. The visualizations used throughout...
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