Conceptual Framework. The faculty of De Anza College Department of Nursing has chosen to base the curriculum on an eclectic model of nursing that embodies our philosophy and our values. This model is based on the premise that nurses must use clinical reasoning and the best evidence available in collaboration with patients and interdisciplinary teams to provide optimum safe and patient-centered care in multiple settings and environments. The nursing process will be used to assess patient problems, analyze data and data trends, identify issues and develop and evaluate individualized plans of care. It is a systematic method of problem-solving based on the scientific method employing nursing judgment and clinical reasoning skills. Safe decision-making and provision of care will also incorporate principles of evidence- based practice and nursing informatics/ technology. Students will function as members of the healthcare team, sharing in decision-making, communicating effectively and contributing to optimum patient outcomes and satisfaction. The conceptual framework does not exist in theory only, but functions within our unique environment that includes our college, the community we serve, and the unique characteristics of our student population. This framework provides a comprehensive, cogent guide for total program development, implementation, and evaluation. The faculty recognizes its responsibilities in the educational process as well as its responsibility to society. The faculty function as facilitators and provide experiences based upon the student learning objectives and the learning needs of students. A variety of teaching-learning techniques are employed by the faculty to enable a student to acquire the clinical reasoning necessary to become a Registered Nurse. The Registered Nurse program has been developed to: • Recognize commonalities and uniqueness in individual contribution to teaching- learning process. • Promote development of individual potential and individual contribution to society. • Use an eclectic model for nursing practice. • Provide the community with nurses capable of providing safe, high-quality effective nursing care. • Promote development of clinical reasoning and clinical judgment in the professional nurse. • Embrace technology, research, evidence-based practice and industry standards to promote the highest level of patient care. • Support a just culture and reflective practice while upholding high professional standards for ethical practice. • Effectiv...
Conceptual Framework. Independent Variables Dependent Variable Insurance Productiv ity Insurance Sector Insurance Total Assets Economic Growth (GDP) Insurance Total Claims Figure 1: Researchers’ Conceptual Framework depicting the relationship among the variables of interest
Conceptual Framework. The aim of this thesis is to develop a model relating to the relationship between franchisor and franchisee in order to ensure success of hotel franchising relationship. Such a relationship includes tangible and intangible issues which may positively or negatively affect both parties. A conceptual framework (Figure 2.5) has been created to illustrate factors influencing the success of hotel franchising relationship to achieve a constant level of satisfaction between franchise partners. This framework consists of two major parts; tangible and intangible relationship issues. This framework suggests that tangible and intangible relationship issues are considered as motivators for building success between franchise partners.
Conceptual Framework. The concept of “funds of knowledge” as described by Xxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxx, & Xxxxxxxx (1992) stresses that students possess rich, extended knowledge rooted in their home life. In their work, Xxxx and colleagues collaborated with classroom teachers to research these funds by visiting students’ homes and talking to parents. By actively investigating funds of knowledge, the teachers and researchers were able to develop classroom curriculum that built on the prior knowledge students already possessed. In an international review of funds of knowledge research, Xxxx (2011) found that the concept is being expanded from the original meaning of knowledge from the home, specifically knowledge “within and between households” (p. 671), to include peer knowledge, popular culture, student and family interests, community knowledge, cultural knowledge, and even the broader category of life experience. It is this broadened definition of funds of knowledge that I am utilizing in my work. Scholarship that comes closest to how I use this concept is Moje, Xxxxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, and Xxxxxxx’x (2004) work considering multiple funds of knowledge including school experience as a fund. In a more recent iteration of the definition of funds of knowledge, Xxxxxxxx and Xxxx (2002) stated, “funds of knowledge is based on a simple premise . . . that people are competent and have knowledge, and their life experiences have given them that knowledge” (cited in Xxxx, 2011, p. 670). This elegant premise is the foundation for this investigation into student perceptions of authentic writing. By including school experience as a fund of knowledge for students, I want to be careful to avoid what Xxxx (2011) describes as losing “the inherent power-balancing capacity and intent” (p.672) of this concept. In fact, one of the key reasons I chose funds of knowledge as a conceptual framework is because of the high value I place on students’ prior knowledge. This project design allowed for students to bring funds of knowledge from their homes and communities to the conversation, as well as to draw on their eight years of classroom experience and their evaluation of those experiences. I believe that this investigation adhered to the core idea of the original funds of knowledge research that stressed the importance of teachers investigating what their students bring to the classroom. Part of the knowledge students bring to classrooms are their experiences in past classrooms, positive and negati...
Conceptual Framework. Local authorities deliver services to all citizens regardless of their social-economic status. The citizens as customers pay for the services rendered by local authorities. The Government being the main stakeholder has expectations of high quality service for citizens by local authorities. The measurement of the service delivered or performance of local authorities is done using performance contract. It is a management tool for measuring performance against negotiated performance targets (GoK, 2007). The PCs are derived from vision, mission and strategic objectives of local authorities and measure performance at the end of the contract period. Local authorities are expected to set specific targets annually and monitor them through quarterly and annual reports submitted to the Government for evaluation and feedback on performance. The link between PC as independent variable and performance of local authorities as dependent variable is explained using goal-setting, expectancy, and cognitive theories. According to goal-setting theory specific and difficult goals with feedback, lead to higher performance (Xxxxxxx & Judge, 2007). Expectancy theory proposes that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome to the individual (Xxxxxxx & Judge, 2007). Essentially expectancy theory further postulates that there must be an expectancy that a given level of effort will result in an acceptable level of performance agreed upon between the Government and local authorities at the beginning of the contract period. Local authorities’ employees applying cognitive theory ask themselves, can I achieve the set targets? The level of performance must have rewards/sanctions. Employees ask themselves, if I achieve the target will I be rewarded appropriately? According to Xxxxxxxx et al. (2005) expectancy implies that people consider using efforts on a task if they believe that the goal is achievable and worth the effort. Local authorities’ employees set goals and put efforts to achieve if they believe that the goals is achievable and worth the effort. Goal-setting theory emphasizes that goals tell an employee what needs to be done and how much effort is needed to achieve high performance. In conceptual framework shown in Figure 1, performance as a dependent variable is operationalized in the this study as customer satisfaction, revenue generation, employee satisfaction and work environme...
Conceptual Framework. The relationship between Bangladesh and India seems complex because both governments maintain that their relationship is of mutual trust, friendship and cooperation, which is not evident in the management of their land boundary. However, many critics argue that the relationship between Bangladesh and India often suffers from trust deficits. It is viewed by some scholars that India's territoriality has been gradually getting the nature of a zero-sum game leading to the trust deficit between the two countries, which is often reflected in the land boundary agreements. The word ‘territoriality’ refers to the monopolization of space by an individual or group. However, territoriality is the pattern of behaviour of a state related to the defense of its territory. It is a particular mechanism of a state, employed in a political frontier within which its border lies. The whole process and action through which a state constructs and maintains borders can be called territorialization. In most cases, states employ ‘territoriality’ as “a spatial strategy” to “affect, influence, or control resources and people by controlling area” in the borderlands.4 It means that territoriality is a product of social context. Looking at the land boundary of India, which it shares with several countries, one can see that it has developed different strategies for managing its border with different neighbouring countries. Thus, based on bilateral relations and social contexts of different borders, graduated territoriality was developed by India, such as a ‘soft’ or open border with Nepal and Bhutan, a ‘hard’ or war-driven militarized border with Pakistan, and a frightening fenced border with Bangladesh. Borders must be continuously “maintained and socially reproduced through particular practices and discourses”, which emphasise the ‘other’.5 However, emphasising the ‘other’ itself is a source of conflict. Whether employed by peaceful
Conceptual Framework. The intention of the conceptual development was to design a hybrid and networked framework based on the idea of collaboration partners subscribing to higher education courses under a long-term agreement. Here, these framework agreements between the higher education institution and organisation are called POD (collaboration for Professional and Organisational Development). These PODs focus on professional development efforts that, besides developing the individual, mainly focus on encompassing the entire organisation's development; in effect, a POD aims to contribute to real change by building on these organisations' goals and policies and improving their capacities. The long-term nature of the POD should provide hybrid and networked conditions for good planning of human resources for the higher education institution as well as for the organisation subscribing to the courses. In detail, the PODs should be designed to extend over a specified period of time, suggesting a range between two to four years. The structure should be based on a legally binding agreement with an overall budget specified. The POD includes an attachment, referred to as the course appendix, detailing the courses offered within the subscription. The subscription period starts with an introductory course on Strategically Managed Professional Development aimed at the organisation's top management team. Theoretical knowledge is combined with practical work, and the purpose of the course is to provide tools for systematic assessment of the existing needs of professional development in the organisation. The assessment then forms the basis for planning courses that match the organisation’s needs for professional development. A dialogue between the institution and the organisation about the emerging professional development needs is a recurring feature of the POD. It takes place regularly, ideally one to two times per year. The purpose of the dialogue is to revise and, if necessary, modify the course appendix to achieve the optimal impact on the organisation's development. Within the courses included in a POD, one of the most important features of the hybrid and networked design is flexibility, as the courses are short and employ digital communication technologies. Moreover, the design of these courses should emphasise dialogue between participants and organisations, in effect building on networked learning principles. The content of the courses should also be customised based on the organisati...
Conceptual Framework. The conceptual framework guiding this research is an adaptation from Xxxxxxxxx Xxx’x Theory of Impaired Sleep. In its most simplistic definition, Xxx’x theory postulates that the main concept of impaired sleep (or sleep loss) is a result of two distinct pathways, sleep deprivation (inadequate amounts of sleep) or sleep disruption (fragmentation of sleep), indicating that a directional relationship exists (Xxx, 2003). These two distinct pathways can affect impaired sleep individually (e.g. independent of each other) or concomitantly. Impaired sleep in turn can affect a myriad of adverse health outcomes that have consequences affecting physiologic, cognitive, behavioral, emotional or social functioning domains (again representing a directional relationship). Risk factors for sleep deprivation and sleep disruption can be environmental, personal or developmental, with some risk factors being multifactorial. According to Xxx, sleep deprivation is a direct result of ‘self-imposed sleep restriction, lifestyle or work demands, or disruptions in circadian rhythms’ (Xxx, et al 2004). Given this definition, sleep deprivation can be viewed cumulatively as sleep deficit. For this line of inquiry, the specific question to be answered whether shortened sleep duration (or sleep deficit) is independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, while controlling for risk factors for sleep disruption. In the proposed model (Appendix G), shortened sleep duration (represented by the darkened black arrow) can contribute directly to the pathogenesis several adverse infant outcomes (preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age, and low XXXXX) and several maternal outcomes (gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, postpartum depression, prolonged labor and cesarean section.) This model also represents the certain risk factors for sleep disruption (fragmentation) that might confound the relationship between shortened sleep duration and adverse infant and maternal outcomes. On the right side of the model are the preexisting conditions and behaviors that will be controlled for as moderating risk factors for our outcomes of interest. This framework is considered appropriate for several reasons. One, it is adaptable to pregnancy, and can account for physiologic changes specific to the pregnant state that might affect sleep. Two, because the pathways by which impaired sleep affects adverse infant and pregnancy outcomes are poorly defined at this ti...
Conceptual Framework. Note. This framework evaluates the focal relationship between hospital implementation of care management processes (CMPs) and hospital performance. Dashed lines denote unobservable constructs. +/- denote the hypothesized directionality of impact on the related construct. Hospitals that consistently reported CMPs in BOTH 2013 & 2014 with performance reported to Hospital Compare Model 1 OLS (N≈1,421) Hospitals that completed CMP survey questions and report performance to Hospital Compare Exhibit 2. Analytic Sample Operating U.S. hospitals participating in the AHA Annual Survey (N≈6,500/year) Hospitals that respond to optional AHA Care Systems & Payment Supplement Survey Hospitals that completed supplement survey in 2013 (N=1,915) Hospitals that completed CMP survey questions in 2013 Hospitals that completed supplement survey in 2014 (N=1,822) Hospitals that completed CMP survey questions in 2014 CMP Domain Analysis (N≈368) Composite CMP Analysis (N≈441) Model 2 First Difference (Change) Models Exhibit 3. Hospital Characteristics by Level of Care Management Use Low (%) <15 CMPs High (%) 16-29 CMPs N Teaching Status 1,313 9.82 1,282 11.5 Network Affiliation 47.5 49.3 Hospital Ownership Government 24.2 20.6 For-profit 10.8 9.28 Not-for-profit 65.0 70.1 Location Metro 61.2 64.3 Concentrated market (low competition) 9.03 14.2 Risk Contracts Accountable Care Organization(ACO) 8.21 30.0 Bundled Payment 10.6 26.2 Value-Based Performance Medicare Spending per Beneficiary (MSPB) 0.978 0.983 Patient Satisfaction (HCAHPS) 45.4 41.29 Readmission Reduction 0.996 0.997 Value-based Purchasing (VBP) 55.3 54.1
Conceptual Framework. My conceptual framework is constructed out of elements directly influenced by the modernist rethinking of authorship, artistic expression, and textuality. Such an approach to translation only became possible with the emergence of the descriptive school of translation studies in the late 1970s. (The emergence of cultural studies and postcolonial theory in the subsequent decade was another important factor.) Initiated by Itamar Even- Zohar and Xxxxxx Xxxxx, descriptive translation studies approaches translation as a literary genre, a system which forms part of the larger polysystem of national literature. In contrast to prescriptive models of translation, it refrains from attempts to identify any universal characteristics of translation. Instead, it views translation as a dynamic cultural practice. My case studies reinforce this view of translation as I highlight the disagreements among critics as to what qualifies as a “good” or “legitimate” translation and trace the shifting attitudes toward translation over the course of several decades. The descriptive school has inspired a varied body of influential scholarship. I will draw on Xxxx Xxxxxxx’ theory of adequacy, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx’x writing on the domestic recontextualization of the translated text, Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx’x theory of translation as rewriting, and Xxxx Xxxxxx’x discussion of reflexive ethnography. In his theory of adequacy, which serves as a corrective to the traditional concept of fidelity or equivalence, Hermans demonstrates that a text in translation derives its authority less from its correlation to a foreign source than through various gestures that secure its acceptance in the domestic context. This claim finds its correlative in Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx’x assertion that the foreignness of a translated text is invoked by means of resources proper to the target language (“Translation, Intertextuality, Interpretation”). These theoretical breakthroughs signal a shift in emphasis in the study of translation from a comparative approach in which the translation is judged first and foremost against the background of the source text to an approach which focuses on the reception of the translated text in the context of the receiving culture. While I do consider source texts, whether directly or through the commentary of other scholars, my focus is on domestic reception. My domestic or target space is American literary culture, specifically American poetry. My target language, therefore, is not simply English but...
