CO2. Climate effects: The incentive effect of European emissions trading is marginal due to the drop in prices – CO2 allowances that once traded for €30 have declined to junk status, with prices in the single digits. A high CO2 price was intended to make coal power and aluminum production more costly in order to promote climate-friendly technolo- xxxx. Yet, the opposite happened: A glut of generation capacity has caused the market price of electricity to drop. Coal is cheap, and so gas plants are shut down first. This is a declaration of bankruptcy for climate protection and a terrible development for the electric- ity market, which relies on highly flexible gas plants to complement the increasing share of renew-
CO2. (a) SD shall cause all CO2 delivered to Oxy at the Legacy Plant Delivery Points to meet the specifications as shown on Exhibit E.
CO2. Gas The raw carbon dioxide gas produced as a by product of the production of ethanol at the Plant.
CO2. The symbols correspond to experimental data and the solid lines correspond to the fit to the Xxxxx-Xxxxxxxx model. OMYACARB 10 BE 100% CO2 960ºC 950ºC 940ºC 935ºC 1.0 0.8 0.8 X X 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 Δt (min) 0.0 Δt (min) Figure 19 – X vs time plot for OMYACARB 10 BE. Calcination was carried out at different temperatures under pure CO2. Figure 20 – X vs time plot for OMYACARB 10 BE calcined at 935 °C, 940 °C, 950 °C and 960 °C under pure CO2. The symbols correspond to experimental data and the solid lines correspond to the fit to the Xxxxx-Xxxxxxxx model.
CO2. The symbols correspond to experimental data and the solid lines correspond to the fit to the Xxxxx-Xxxxxxxx model.
CO2. Climate effects: The incentive effect of European emissions trading is marginal due to the drop in prices – CO2 allowances that once traded for €30 have declined to junk status, with prices in the single digits. A high CO2 price was intended to make coal power and aluminum production more costly in order to promote climate-friendly technolo- xxxx. Yet, the opposite happened: A glut of generation capacity has caused the market price of electricity to drop. Coal is cheap, and so gas plants are shut down first. This is a declaration of bankruptcy for climate protection and a terrible development for the electric- ity market, which relies on highly flexible gas plants to complement the increasing share of renew- xxxxx. Despite its lack of incentive effect, emissions trading is set to remain the EU’s central climate pro- tection instrument after 2020. As a consequence of the Paris Agreement, climate protection certificates (“mitigation outcomes”) could soon be traded globally – opening a whole new dimension of worldwide offset- ting. (p. 14) ecological impact: Emissions trading in the EU currently covers around 45 percent of European emissions. Although intra-Europe- an air traffic was included in 2012, major sectors such as agriculture and road traffic have still not been taken into account. Energy-intensive materials such as alumi- num are still inexpensive and are being mass-produced despite the high energy consumption this entails. At the same time, airports are being expanded throughout Europe – to the detriment of the local populations and ecosystems. social impact: Instead of raising the price of fossil fuels and making polluters pay, the op- posite has happened: Many large companies
CO2 emissions The production of silicon requires use of fossile and biological carbon-sources. Referring to D.2.6, the total amount of CO2 released per ton Si produced from the electric arc furnace is 6100 kg. The emission from one single furnace is 25 000 ton Si * 6100 kg CO2/ton Si = 152.5 kt/year per furnace. With the new methodologies developed in the RECOBA-project, the output from the furnace + refining process is increased without using extra carbon. The same amount of CO2 is produced, but the specific emission is reduced to 152.5 kt/year / 26250 ton = 5800 kg CO2/ton Si produced. This represents a decrease of 5% in the specific CO2-emissons from silicon plants. For Elkem and its European production sites, the savings in CO2-emissions will be 125 000 metric tons Si (producing CO2) * 300 kg CO2 per ton Si produced = 37.5 Thus, the savings in CO2-emissions will be 37.5 kton/year for Elkem in Europe. These savings are assuming that the electricity needed for the production is “green”. For a non-renewable electricity generation, these savings will be even higher. For a typical energy mix, the CO2-emission is about 600 kg/MWh. With energy savings of 70 GWh/year (see previous section), the CO2-savings are estimated to an additional 42 kt/year for non-renewable electricity production.
