Confounding by gene Sample Clauses

Confounding by gene environment correlation A shortcoming of previous twin studies examining the moderating effect of family SES is that they do not model genetic overlap between SES and child psychopathology. This is an issue given the evidence for such genetic overlap from genome-wide genotype studies and extended family studies (Krapohl et al., 2017; Krapohl & Xxxxxx, 2016; Xxxxxx et al., 2020; Xxxxxxxxxxx et al., 2014). The reason genetic overlap has not been modelled previously is that child twin data cannot be used to estimate genetic influences on family socioeconomic indicators because these variables do not differ between twin children within the same family. Thus, the genetic covariance between family SES and child outcomes cannot be estimated (Xxxxxxx, 2002; Xxxxxxxx & Sham, 2002). Failing to account for gene-environment correlation can lead to inflated signals of interaction and biased estimates (Xxxxxxx, 2002; van der Sluis et al., 2012). Previous GxE twin studies examining the relationship between family SES and child psychopathology have controlled for the main effect of SES (moderator) on child outcomes prior to examining gene-environment interactions to account for inflation of test statistics due to rGE (Xxxxxxx, 2002; van der Sluis et al., 2012). As such, these prior studies specifically focus on whether family SES moderates the aetiological influences unique to child psychopathology. However, this approach limits the investigation of the nature of the covariance between family SES and child psychopathology, as well as the moderation of shared variance. Given that family SES contributes to variance in child mental health (Krapohl et al., 2017; Xxxxxx et al., 2020; Xxxxxxxxxxx et al., 2014), exclusion of the common variance between them may limit our understanding of the underlying mechanisms through which socioeconomic disadvantage affects child mental health.
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