Metabolism. Four animals from each group shall be used for these pur- poses.
Metabolism. At least four animals from each group shall be used for these purposes.
Metabolism. A t le a s t fo ur a n i m a l s f r o m e a c h g r o u p s h a ll be u sed fo r t h ese p ur poses.
Metabolism. Following oral administration, eszopiclone is extensively metabolized by oxidation and demethylation. The primary plasma metabolites are (S)-zopiclone-N-oxide and (S)-N-desmethyl zopiclone; the latter compound binds to GABA receptors with substantially lower potency than eszopiclone, and the former compound shows no significant binding to this receptor. In vitro studies have shown that CYP3A4 and CYP2E1 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of eszopiclone. Eszopiclone did not show any inhibitory potential on CYP450 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4 in cryopreserved human hepatocytes.
Metabolism. Benzhydrocodone is a prodrug of hydrocodone and is converted to active hydrocodone by enzymes in the intestinal tract. Hydrocodone exhibits a complex pattern of metabolism, including O-demethylation, N- demethylation, and 6-keto reduction to the corresponding 6-á-and 6-®-hydroxy metabolites. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, is formed from the O-demethylation of hydrocodone and contributes to the total analgesic effect of hydrocodone. The O- and N- demethylation processes are mediated by separate P-450 isoenzymes: CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, respectively. [see Drug Interactions (7)]. Acetaminophen is primarily metabolized in the liver by first-order kinetics and involves three principal separate pathways:
Metabolism. Investigation of the role of TCAP-1 with respect to diet and type II diabetes.
Metabolism. Amide-type local anesthetics, such as bupivacaine, are metabolized primarily in the liver via conjugation with glucuronic acid. Pipecolylxylidine (PPX) is the major metabolite of bupivacaine; approximately 5% of bupivacaine is converted to PPX. Elimination of drug depends largely upon the availability of plasma protein binding sites in the circulation to carry it to the liver where it is metabolized. Various pharmacokinetic parameters of the local anesthetics can be significantly altered by the presence of hepatic disease. Patients with hepatic disease, especially those with severe hepatic disease, may be more susceptible to the potential toxicities of the amide-type local anesthetics.
Metabolism. (2010). Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: An update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 121(21), 2331-2378.
Metabolism. In general, glycogen stores in liver and white muscle appear to be higher in fish species that are relatively anoxia/ hypoxia-tolerant such as tench, Tinca tinca, goldfish, Carassius auratus, and Crucian carp, Carassius carassius, than in relatively anoxia/hypoxia- intolerant species such as rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and cod, Gadus morhua, that have very low levels of muscle glycogen (Van den Thillart and Van Raaij, 1995). In X. xxxxxxxx, X. xxxxxxxx and tilapia, the white muscle stores of glycogen were about 14-28 µM glucose per gram tissue, which is in the same range as covered by the above- mentioned species. Glycogen concentrations in the white muscles were significantly elevated in HR tilapia but not in HR A. alluaudi and
