Fertility. Generally speaking, the crude birth rate (number of live births per 1000 people) has decreased in all three countries since the 1970s. The rate of decrease has been much more gradual in Argentina and Uruguay than in Chile. Yet as the chart below shows, Chile’s rate dropped to below that of Argentina in the early 1990s and below Uruguay’s in the mid 1990s; it then rose to very slightly above Uruguay’s rate after the turn of the millennium. Interestingly, though, Chile’s crude birth rate spiked in the early years of the dictatorship. As I have suggested previously, sexual health programmes were severely cut during the dictatorship, particularly in the beginning: Xxxx Xxxx notes that ‘conservatives made some efforts to shut down family planning during the Pinochet dictatorship, but these were ultimately unsuccessful’53. With these programmes pared down, women had less access both to contraceptives and to information about sexual health, explaining the sharp rise in births during these years. In fact, in 1978 there were even campaigns to ‘dignificar y estimular la maternidad’ after the dictatorship became alarmed by the 53 Sex and the State: Abortion, Divorce, and the Family under Latin American Dictatorships and Democracies (Cambridge: UP, 2003), p. 167. rapid decrease in birth rate54. However, once the contraceptive programmes were fully reinstated, the birth rate once again decreased. However, it is important to remember that while women have more control than ever before as to the number of children that they have, women from poorer backgrounds are still more likely to be the ones with more children, especially since elective abortion is illegal in Chile and Argentina (and has only recently been legalised in Uruguay): poorer women are less likely to be able to have access to birth control and private clinics55. Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx reports that middle class and upper class women in Uruguay state that they would like to have or to have had one child more than they actually do, whereas women on lower incomes usually report wanting fewer children56. Fascinatingly, Xxxxxxx Xxxxx finds that the fertility rate amongst women with university education in Chile had not dropped between 1960 and 2002, remaining at 1.9 children on average: it is amongst women with only a primary education that the real change has happened, with the rate falling from an average of 4 children to 2.857.
Fertility. Effective January 1, 2005, there shall be a $5,000 lifetime maximum on diagnosis and correction of fertility including fertility drugs but excluding in- vitro fertilization, infertility and artificial insemination services.
Fertility. The actions of TCAP-l on male mice reproduction will be investigated by examining morphological and physiological changes that occur in the testes and associated tissues following TCAP-l treatment. In addition, a previously developed immunoassay will be used to investigate the expression of TCAP-1 immunoreactivity in human clinical samples.
Fertility not allow the Licensed Area to become exhausted, impoverished or otherwise depleted;
Fertility. All estimates of the effects of infant health are at risk for contamination due to selective fertility. In order to test whether certain mothers are choosing not to have children due to storm exposure, I examine the effect of tropical cyclone exposure within a year on the size of a birth cohort, defined as the number of live births in a district in a given month divided by the number of women ages 15-45 in that district-year sample. Because this is defined at the district-level and not at the individual level, I modify the main specification in equation
(1) as modeled in equation (5): Ydsmy = β0 + β1(exposuredmy) + γd + δmy + ηsy + Zdy + ϵdsmy (5) where Y is the live birth rate in district d and state s in month m and year y. Exposure is coded at the district level, and the model includes district fixed effects (γ), month-year fixed effects (δ), and state-by-year fixed effects (η). Z is a vector of time-varying district covariates. As evidenced in Table 10, storm exposure in the past year has a very small, positive effect on the birth rate, meaning that average estimates are unlikely to be contaminated due to selective fertility. However, I do note that the effect of storm exposure on the birth rate for mothers in rural areas is larger and negative at a decrease of 4 babies per 1000 women, meaning that some of these mothers may have chosen to forgo having children due to reduced expectations of their ability to provide for a larger family because of economic losses from a storm. This is logical due to the often devastating effects of tropical cyclones on agricultural lands, and this means that some of my results could envelop fertility changes. Because I cannot identify which mothers are making these decisions, I propose two separate scenarios: if mothers with lower unobserved quality are choosing not to have children, then my estimates of the effect on mortality likely serve as an upper bound. If, conversely, these mothers are of higher quality, then my mortality estimates, particularly in rural areas, may be partially explained by changes in fertility.
Fertility. HSO will have an option to opt into enhanced fertility benefits through Win- Fertility, or other family building benefits, for themselves or dependent(s) as defined in the voluntary Plan (Appendix B+). WinFertility provides up to 40% in savings access to a network of top-ranked fertility specialists, including IVF treatment, genetic testing, and egg freezing services. Employees will receive all services paid for to complete the treatment cycle regardless of the company status, without disruption of care. Additionally, in the rare occasion that a provider leaves the network, WIN will work with the employee to transition future services to another in-network provider. The PHT has the right to discontinue this program for the next plan year with sixty (60) days’ written notice to the Union. The PHT will meet with the Union to discuss before the beginning of the next plan year.
