MRI theoretical background Sample Clauses

MRI theoretical background. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-established non-invasive, diagnostic medical imaging technique based on the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon (37). Every tissue in the body has a specific chemical makeup and thus the strength of the hydrogen NMR response differs from tissue to tissue. MRI allows the anatomy inside the body to be seen in either tomographic images taken along at any angle through the body, or three-dimensional volume images. The NMR information present in each pixel of one of these images is both temporal and spectral in nature. Conventional MRI relies on differences in a weighted average of the spectral and temporal information collected from different species to facilitate the diagnosis of diseases. MR is based upon the interaction between an applied magnetic field and a nucleus with a nuclear magnetic moment or ―spin‖ (37-39). Several nuclei, including 1H, 31P, 13C, 15N, and 19F have nuclear magnetic moments corresponding with spin ½ and are most suitable for detection by magnetic resonance (38-40). Protons are the most abundant spin ½ nuclei in living organisms and they have the best NMR sensitivity (38-40). For this reason protons are the most frequently studied nuclei. As a crude simplification, nuclear spins can be thought of as small magnets. When placed in an external magnetic field (B0) a large number of proton spins will be aligned parallel to B0, with a somewhat smaller number oriented anti-parallel. This orientation yields a net nuclear magnetization and a net magnetization vector Mz parallel to B0. After the RF pulse is switched off, the net magnetization vector will start reverting back to its equilibrium state as a result of a process which is called relaxation. The recovery process along the longitudinal axis is called T1 relaxation, spin-lattice relaxation or longitudinal relaxation (Fig. 1A) and is described as: Mz (t) = M zmax − t
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